Anhang D: Literatur

Die Liste führt die Literatur aus den Evidence Boxen und Nachschlageseiten aller Kurse zusammen. Hinter jeder Quelle steht, in welchem Kurs sie verwendet wird.

• Grundlagenphysiologie: 4 Quellen
• Anästhesie, Beatmung und perioperative Medizin: 6 Quellen
• Sepsis, Schock und Mikrozirkulation: 22 Quellen
• Transfusion und Patient Blood Management: 6 Quellen
• Hyperoxie und Sauerstofftherapie: 5 Quellen
• Monitoring und Hämodynamik: 8 Quellen

51 Quellen insgesamt. Einige neuere Arbeiten sind mit PMID statt vollständiger Autorenliste angegeben.

Literatur durchsuchen

Die Literaturangaben der Lerneinheiten, Nachschlageseiten und Vorträge aus dem Repetitorium, geordnet nach Seite. Die Quellensuche oben durchsucht sie mit.

Prämedikation, Narkoseverfahren, Atemwegssicherung Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Kowark A, Keszei AP, Schneider G, et al. Preoperative midazolam and patient-centered outcomes of older patients: the I-PROMOTE randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 2024; 159:129–138.
2. Neuman MD, Feng R, Carson JL, et al. Spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia for hip surgery in older adults (REGAIN). N Engl J Med 2021; 385:2025–2035.
3. Li T, Li J, Yuan L, et al. Effect of regional vs general anesthesia on incidence of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing hip fracture surgery (RAGA). JAMA 2022; 327:50–58.
4. European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Leitlinie zum perioperativen Umgang mit GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten. 2025.
5. Kindel TL, Wang AY, Wadhwa A, et al. Multisociety clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025; 23:2083–2085 (online 2024).
6. Prekker ME, Driver BE, Trent SA, et al. Video versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults (DEVICE). N Engl J Med 2023; 389:418–429.
7. Gibbs KW, Semler MW, Driver BE, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for preoxygenation during emergency intubation (PREOXI). N Engl J Med 2024; 390:2165–2177.
8. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Iliff H, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2025 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth 2026; 136:283–307.
9. Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, et al. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:693–700.
10. Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S, et al. Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:411–448.

Anästhesie außerhalb des Operationssaals: Sedierung, MRT, Strahlenschutz und Transport Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Metzner J, Posner KL, Domino KB. The risk and safety of anesthesia at remote locations: the US closed claims analysis. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009;22:502–508.
2. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth 2011;106:632–642.
3. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on nonoperating room anesthetizing locations. Aktuelle Fassung.
4. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Continuum of depth of sedation: definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia. Aktuelle Fassung.
5. Qadeer MA, Vargo JJ, Dumot JA et al. Capnographic monitoring of respiratory activity improves safety of sedation for endoscopic cholangiopancreatography and ultrasonography. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1568–1576.
6. Beitz A, Riphaus A, Meining A et al. Capnographic monitoring reduces the incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation and hypoxemia during propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, controlled study (ColoCap Study). Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1205–1212.
7. Nay MA, Fromont L, Eugene A et al. High-flow nasal oxygenation or standard oxygenation for gastrointestinal endoscopy with sedation in patients at risk of hypoxaemia: a multicentre randomised controlled trial (ODEPHI trial). Br J Anaesth 2021;127:133–142.
8. Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Aparicio JR et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology Guideline: non-anaesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;27:1016–1030.
9. S3-Leitlinie Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie. AWMF-Registernummer 021-014, aktuelle Fassung.
10. Thiele H, Kurz T, Feistritzer HJ et al. General versus local anesthesia with conscious sedation in transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the randomized SOLVE-TAVI trial. Circulation 2020;142:1437–1447.
11. Ding Z, White PF. Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1351–1364.
12. Greenberg TD, Hoff MN, Gilk TB et al. ACR guidance document on MR safe practices: updates and critical information 2019. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020;51:331–338.
13. Russo RJ, Costa HS, Silva PD et al. Assessing the risks associated with MRI in patients with a pacemaker or defibrillator. N Engl J Med 2017;376:755–764.
14. van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, Dekkers IA et al. Post-contrast acute kidney injury. Part 2: risk stratification, role of hydration and other prophylactic measures, patients taking metformin and chronic dialysis patients. Eur Radiol 2018;28:2856–2869.
15. Schönenberger S, Hendén PL, Simonsen CZ et al. Association of general anesthesia vs procedural sedation with functional outcome among patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing thrombectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2019;322:1283–1293.
16. Chabanne R, Geeraerts T, Begard M et al. Outcomes after endovascular therapy with procedural sedation vs general anesthesia in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the AMETIS randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 2023;80:474–483.
17. Beckmann U, Gillies DM, Berenholtz SM, Wu AW, Pronovost P. Incidents relating to the intra-hospital transfer of critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:1579–1585.
18. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Ambulante Anästhesie: Auswahl, Verfahren, PONV und Entlassung Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Bailey CR, Ahuja M, Bartholomew K et al. Guidelines for day-case surgery 2019. Anaesthesia 2019;74:778–792.
2. Apfel CC, Philip BK, Cakmakkaya OS et al. Who is at risk for postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery? Anesthesiology 2012;117:475–486.
3. Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M et al. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 1999;91:693–700.
4. Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M et al. A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2441–2451.
5. Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S et al. Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2020;131:411–448.
6. Chung F. Discharge criteria: a new trend. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:1056–1058.
7. Marshall SI, Chung F. Discharge criteria and complications after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1999;88:508–517.
8. Aldrete JA. The post-anesthesia recovery score revisited. J Clin Anesth 1995;7:89–91.
9. Mulroy MF, Salinas FV, Larkin KL, Polissar NL. Ambulatory surgery patients may be discharged before voiding after short-acting spinal and epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2002;97:315–319.
10. Goldblum E, Atchabahian A. The use of 2-chloroprocaine for spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013;57:545–552.
11. Manassero A, Fanelli A. Prilocaine hydrochloride 2 % hyperbaric solution for intrathecal injection: a clinical review. Local Reg Anesth 2017;10:15–24.
12. Zaric D, Pace NL. Transient neurologic symptoms after spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local anaesthetics. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2:CD003006.
13. Barry GS, Bailey JG, Sardinha J et al. Factors associated with rebound pain after peripheral nerve block for ambulatory surgery. Br J Anaesth 2021;126:862–871.
14. Joshi GP, Kehlet H. Postoperative pain management in the era of ERAS: an overview. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2019;33:259–267.
15. Joshi GP, Ankichetty SP, Gan TJ, Chung F. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on preoperative selection of adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea scheduled for ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2012;115:1060–1068.
16. Joshi GP, Chung F, Vann MA et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on perioperative blood glucose management in diabetic patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2010;111:1378–1387.
17. Chung F, Yegneswaran B, Liao P et al. STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2008;108:812–821.
18. Coté CJ, Zaslavsky A, Downes JJ et al. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants after inguinal herniorrhaphy. A combined analysis. Anesthesiology 1995;82:809–822.
19. Mitchell RB, Archer SM, Ishman SL et al. Clinical practice guideline: tonsillectomy in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019;160(1 Suppl):S1–S42.
20. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Thoraxanästhesie: Evaluation, Einlungenbeatmung, Seitentrennung und Analgesie Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT et al. ERS/ESTS clinical guidelines on fitness for radical therapy in lung cancer patients. Eur Respir J 2009;34:17–41.
2. Feray S, Lubach J, Joshi GP et al. PROSPECT guidelines for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Anaesthesia 2022;77:311–325.
3. Lohser J, Slinger P. Lung injury after one-lung ventilation: a review of the pathophysiologic mechanisms affecting the ventilated and the collapsed lung. Anesth Analg 2015;121:302–318.
4. Brodsky JB, Macario A, Mark JB. Tracheal diameter predicts double-lumen tube size: a method for selecting left double-lumen tubes. Anesth Analg 1996;82:861–864.
5. Yeung JH, Gates S, Naidu BV et al. Paravertebral block versus thoracic epidural for patients undergoing thoracotomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;2:CD009121.
6. Erdös G, Tzanova I. Perioperative anaesthetic management of mediastinal mass in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009;26:627–632.
7. Campos JH. Lung isolation techniques for patients with difficult airway. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2010;23:12–17.
8. Karzai W, Schwarzkopf K. Hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation: prediction, prevention, and treatment. Anesthesiology 2009;110:1402–1411.
9. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Neuroanästhesie: Hirnphysiologie, Hirndruck, Kraniotomie und Neurotrauma Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery 2017;80:6–15.
2. CRASH trial collaborators. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury. Lancet 2004;364:1321–1328.
3. CRASH-3 trial collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, disability, vascular occlusive events and other morbidities in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. Lancet 2019;394:1713–1723.
4. Hoh BL, Ko NU, Amin-Hanjani S et al. 2023 Guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2023;54:e314–e370.
5. Kwon BK, Tetreault LA, Martin AR et al. A clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute spinal cord injury: recommendations on hemodynamic management. Global Spine J 2024;14(3 Suppl):187S–211S.
6. Walters BC, Hadley MN, Hurlbert RJ et al. Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update. Neurosurgery 2013;60 Suppl 1:82–91.
7. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice advisory for perioperative visual loss associated with spine surgery 2019. Anesthesiology 2019;130:12–30.
8. Zeiler FA, Teitelbaum J, West M, Gillman LM. The ketamine effect on ICP in traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2014;21:163–173.
9. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Die erste Narkose: Evaluation, Atemweg, Monitoring und Medikamente Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System, 2020.
2. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project (NAP4). Br J Anaesth 2011;106:617–631.
3. Arbous MS, Meursing AE, van Kleef JW, et al. Impact of anesthesia management characteristics on severe morbidity and mortality. Anesthesiology 2005;102:257–268.
4. Mosier JM, Joshi R, Hypes C, et al. The physiologically difficult airway. West J Emerg Med 2015;16:1109–1117.
5. Thilen SR, Weigel WA, Todd MM, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 2023;138:13–41.
6. DGAI. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement, AWMF 001-028, 2023.

Narkosegerät, Kreissystem und Low-Flow: Aufbau, Gerätecheck und Sicherheit Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Operating Room Fires. Practice advisory for the prevention and management of operating room fires. Anesthesiology 2013;118:271–290.
2. Baker AB. Low flow and closed circuits. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994;22:341–342.
3. DIN EN ISO 80601-2-13: Besondere Festlegungen für die Sicherheit einschließlich der wesentlichen Leistungsmerkmale von Anästhesie-Arbeitsplätzen.
4. DIN EN ISO 32: Gasflaschen für medizinische Verwendung, Kennzeichnung. ISO 5360: Anästhesiemittelverdampfer, stoffspezifische Füllsysteme.
5. Feldman JM. Managing fresh gas flow to reduce environmental contamination. Anesth Analg 2012;114:1093–1101.
6. Medizinprodukte-Betreiberverordnung (MPBetreibV), Neufassung vom 14.02.2025, Anlage 1.
7. Sondekoppam RV, Narsingani KH, Schimmel TA et al. The impact of sevoflurane anesthesia on postoperative renal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Can J Anaesth 2020;67:1595–1623.
8. Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Wallington TJ et al. Assessing the impact on global climate from general anesthetic gases. Anesth Analg 2012;114:1081–1085.
9. TRGS 525: Gefahrstoffe in Einrichtungen der medizinischen Versorgung.
10. Verordnung (EU) 2024/573 über fluorierte Treibhausgase, Art. 13 Abs. 8.
11. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Pharmakologie zentraler Anästhetika und Analgetika Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Fuchs-Buder T, Romero CS, Lewald H, et al. Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: a guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2023; 40:82–94.
2. Thilen SR, Weigel WA, Todd MM, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 2023; 138:13–41.
3. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, et al. Ketamine or etomidate for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults (RSI). N Engl J Med 2025 (online 9. Dezember 2025).
4. Kowark A, Keszei AP, Schneider G, et al. Preoperative midazolam and patient-centered outcomes of older patients (I-PROMOTE). JAMA Surg 2024; 159:129–138.

Inhalationsanästhetika: Wirkung, Aufnahme, MAC und Klimawirkung Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH et al. Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:659–668.
2. Eger EI, Saidman LJ. Hazards of nitrous oxide anesthesia in bowel obstruction and pneumothorax. Anesthesiology 1965;26:61–66.
3. Enlund M, Berglund A, Enlund A et al. Volatile versus propofol general anesthesia and long-term survival after breast cancer surgery (CAN study). eClinicalMedicine 2023.
4. Koch S, Gibb S, Bolkenius D. Neue EU-Vorgaben ab 01.01.2026: Desfluran-Routineeinsatz untersagt, Ausnahmen mit Begründung. Anästh Intensivmed 2026;67:133–134.
5. Landoni G, Lomivorotov VV, Nigro Neto C et al. Volatile anesthetics versus total intravenous anesthesia for cardiac surgery (MYRIAD). N Engl J Med 2019;380:1214–1225.
6. Mapleson WW. Effect of age on MAC in humans: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 1996;76:179–185.
7. McEwan AI, Smith C, Dyar O et al. Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration reduction by fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1993;78:864–869.
8. Myles PS, Leslie K, Chan MT et al. The safety of addition of nitrous oxide to general anaesthesia in at-risk patients having major non-cardiac surgery (ENIGMA-II). Lancet 2014;384:1446–1454.
9. Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Wallington TJ et al. Assessing the impact on global climate from general anesthetic gases. Anesth Analg 2012;114:1081–1085.
10. Verordnung (EU) 2024/573 über fluorierte Treibhausgase, Art. 13 Abs. 8 (Desfluran).
11. Yasuda N, Lockhart SH, Eger EI et al. Comparison of kinetics of sevoflurane and isoflurane in humans. Anesth Analg 1991;72:316–324.
12. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Pharmakokinetik, Pharmakodynamik und zielgesteuerte Infusion (TCI) Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Absalom AR, Glen JI, Zwart GJ et al. Target-controlled infusion: a mature technology. Anesth Analg 2016;122:70–78.
2. Bouillon TW, Bruhn J, Radulescu L et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil regarding hypnosis, tolerance of laryngoscopy, bispectral index, and electroencephalographic approximate entropy. Anesthesiology 2004;100:1353–1372.
3. Eleveld DJ, Colin P, Absalom AR, Struys MMRF. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for propofol for broad application in anaesthesia and sedation. Br J Anaesth 2018;120:942–959.
4. Hughes MA, Glass PS, Jacobs JR. Context-sensitive half-time in multicompartment pharmacokinetic models for intravenous anesthetic drugs. Anesthesiology 1992;76:334–341.
5. Ingrande J, Lemmens HJ. Dose adjustment of anaesthetics in the morbidly obese. Br J Anaesth 2010;105 Suppl 1:i16–i23.
6. Janmahasatian S, Duffull SB, Ash S et al. Quantification of lean bodyweight. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44:1051–1065.
7. Kapila A, Glass PS, Jacobs JR et al. Measured context-sensitive half-times of remifentanil and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 1995;83:968–975.
8. Marsh B, White M, Morton N, Kenny GN. Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:41–48.
9. Minto CF, Schnider TW, Egan TD et al. Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. Anesthesiology 1997;86:10–23.
10. Schnider TW, Minto CF, Gambus PL et al. The influence of method of administration and covariates on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult volunteers. Anesthesiology 1998;88:1170–1182.
11. Shafer SL, Varvel JR. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and rational opioid selection. Anesthesiology 1991;74:53–63.
12. Vuyk J, Mertens MJ, Olofsen E et al. Propofol anesthesia and rational opioid selection. Anesthesiology 1997;87:1549–1562.
13. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Neuromuskuläre Blockade: Endplatte, Relaxanzien, Relaxometrie und Antagonisierung Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Eriksson LI, Sundman E, Olsson R et al. Functional assessment of the pharynx at rest and during swallowing in partially paralyzed humans. Anesthesiology 1997;87:1035–1043.
2. Fortier LP, McKeen D, Turner K et al. The RECITE study: a Canadian prospective, multicenter study of the incidence and severity of residual neuromuscular blockade. Anesth Analg 2015;121:366–372.
3. Fuchs-Buder T, Romero CS, Lewald H et al. Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: a guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2023;40:82–94.
4. Kheterpal S, Vaughn MT, Dubovoy TZ et al. Sugammadex versus neostigmine for reversal of neuromuscular blockade and postoperative pulmonary complications (STRONGER). Anesthesiology 2020;132:1371–1381.
5. Kirmeier E, Eriksson LI, Lewald H et al. Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR). Lancet Respir Med 2019;7:129–140.
6. Martyn JA, Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states. Anesthesiology 2006;104:158–169.
7. Paton WD, Waud DR. The margin of safety of neuromuscular transmission. J Physiol 1967;191:59–90.
8. Thilen SR, Weigel WA, Todd MM et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for monitoring and antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. Anesthesiology 2023;138:13–41.
9. Fachinformationen Sugammadex, Rocuronium, Cisatracurium und Suxamethonium (jeweils aktuelle Fassung prüfen).
10. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Perioperatives Gerinnungsmanagement: Anamnese, Antithrombotika, Viskoelastik und Blutung Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Hartmann J, Hermelin D, Levy JH. Viscoelastic testing: an illustrated review of technology and clinical applications. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022;7:100031.
2. Volod O, Bunch CM, Zackariya N et al. Viscoelastic hemostatic assays: a primer on legacy and new generation devices. J Clin Med 2022;11:860.
3. Roberts TCD, De Lloyd L, Bell SF et al. Utility of viscoelastography with TEG 6s to direct management of haemostasis during obstetric haemorrhage: a prospective observational study. Int J Obstet Anesth 2021;47:103192.
4. Baksaas-Aasen K, Van Dieren S, Balvers K et al. Data-driven development of ROTEM and TEG algorithms for the management of trauma hemorrhage: a prospective observational multicenter study. Ann Surg 2019;270:1178–1185.
5. Baksaas-Aasen K, Gall LS, Stensballe J et al. Viscoelastic haemostatic assay augmented protocols for major trauma haemorrhage (ITACTIC): a randomized, controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2021;47:49–59.
6. Wikkelsø A, Wetterslev J, Møller AM, Afshari A. Thromboelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemostatic treatment versus usual care in adults or children with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;(8):CD007871.
7. Curry NS, Davenport R, Pavord S et al. The use of viscoelastic haemostatic assays in the management of major bleeding: a British Society for Haematology guideline. Br J Haematol 2018;182:789–806.
8. Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 2023;27:80.
9. Collins PW, Bell SF, de Lloyd L, Collis RE. Acute obstetric coagulopathy during postpartum hemorrhage is caused by hyperfibrinolysis and dysfibrinogenemia. J Thromb Haemost 2023;21:1091–1100.
10. De Pietri L, Bianchini M, Montalti R et al. Thrombelastography-guided blood product use before invasive procedures in cirrhosis with severe coagulopathy: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 2016;63:566–573.
11. Maxey-Jones C et al. TEG 6s-guided algorithm for optimizing patient blood management in cardiovascular surgery: systematic literature review and expert opinion. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2025.
12. Haemonetics. TEG 6s Global Hemostasis Cartridge (Citrated: K, KH, RT, FF), Gebrauchsanweisung; FDA 510(k) K183160 und K243858.
13. Devereaux PJ, Marcucci M, Painter TW et al. Tranexamic acid in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery (POISE-3). N Engl J Med 2022;386:1986–1997.
14. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Kaatz S et al. Perioperative bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (BRIDGE). N Engl J Med 2015;373:823–833.
15. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Duncan J et al. Perioperative management of patients with atrial fibrillation receiving a direct oral anticoagulant (PAUSE). JAMA Intern Med 2019;179:1469–1478.
16. Görlinger K, Fries D, Dirkmann D et al. Reduction of fresh frozen plasma requirements by perioperative point-of-care coagulation management with early calculated goal-directed therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2012;39:104–113.
17. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2022;43:3826–3924.
18. Hoffman M, Monroe DM. A cell-based model of hemostasis. Thromb Haemost 2001;85:958–965.
19. Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A et al. Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care: second update 2022. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2023;40:226–304.
20. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
21. Lo GK, Juhl D, Warkentin TE et al. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T’s) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:759–765.
22. Pfanner G, Koscielny J, Pernerstorfer T et al. Präoperative Blutungsanamnese. Anaesthesist 2007;56:604–611.
23. CRASH-2 trial collaborators. Lancet 2010;376:23–32. WOMAN trial collaborators. Lancet 2017;389:2105–2116.
24. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Perioperative Flüssigkeitstherapie: Kompartimente, Lösungen, Menge und Elektrolyte Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Adrogué HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1581–1589.
2. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit (SAFE). N Engl J Med 2004;350:2247–2256.
3. Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N et al. Balanced multielectrolyte solution versus saline in critically ill adults (PLUS). N Engl J Med 2022;386:815–826.
4. Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care (CHEST). N Engl J Med 2012;367:1901–1911.
5. Myles PS, Bellomo R, Corcoran T et al. Restrictive versus liberal fluid therapy for major abdominal surgery (RELIEF). N Engl J Med 2018;378:2263–2274.
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Narkosetiefe: EEG-Monitoring und Narcotrend Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

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Präoperative Risikoeinschätzung Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3826–3924.
2. DGAI, DGIM, DGCH. Präoperative Evaluation erwachsener Patientinnen und Patienten vor elektiven, nicht herz-thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen. Gemeinsame Empfehlung; aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
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Intraoperative Komplikationsprävention Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Devereaux PJ, Marcucci M, Painter TW, et al. Tranexamic acid in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery (POISE-3). N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1986–1997.
2. Marcucci M, Painter TW, Conen D, et al. Hypotension-avoidance versus hypertension-avoidance strategies in noncardiac surgery: an international randomized controlled trial (POISE-3). Ann Intern Med 2023.
3. Sessler DI, Pei L, Li K, et al. Aggressive intraoperative warming versus routine thermal management during non-cardiac surgery (PROTECT). Lancet 2022; 399:1799–1808.
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6. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Iliff H, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2025 guidelines. Br J Anaesth 2026; 136:283–307.

Postoperative Überwachung und Schmerztherapie Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3826–3924.
2. Aldecoa C, Bettelli G, Bilotta F, et al. Update of the ESAIC guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024; 41:81–108.
3. Fuchs-Buder T, Romero CS, Lewald H, et al. Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: a guideline from the ESAIC. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2023; 40:82–94.
4. Sessler DI, Pei L, Li K, et al. Aggressive intraoperative warming versus routine thermal management during non-cardiac surgery (PROTECT). Lancet 2022; 399:1799–1808.
5. DIVI, DGAI und weitere. S3-Leitlinie Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen (AWMF 001-025); aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
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7. Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S, et al. Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:411–448.

Anästhesie bei geriatrischen, kardialen, onkologischen und adipösen Patientinnen und Patienten Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3826–3924.
2. Aldecoa C, Bettelli G, Bilotta F, et al. Update of the ESAIC guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024; 41:81–108.
3. McKechnie A, et al. Airway management in patients living with obesity: best practice recommendations from the Society for Obesity and Bariatric Anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2025; doi:10.1111/anae.16647.
4. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Iliff H, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2025 guidelines. Br J Anaesth 2026; 136:283–307.
5. Neuman MD, Feng R, Carson JL, et al. Spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia for hip surgery in older adults (REGAIN). N Engl J Med 2021; 385:2025–2035.

Multimorbidität Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:3826–3924.
2. DGAI, DGIM, DGCH. Präoperative Evaluation erwachsener Patientinnen und Patienten vor elektiven, nicht herz-thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen; aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
3. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022; 39:100–132.
4. Kopp SL, Vandermeulen E, McBane RD, et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: ASRA evidence-based guidelines, fifth edition. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2025; doi:10.1136/rapm-2024-105766.
5. Aldecoa C, Bettelli G, Bilotta F, et al. Update of the ESAIC guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024; 41:81–108.

Begleiterkrankungen: Diabetes, Nebenniere, Schilddrüse und Phäochromozytom Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Buitenwerf E, Osinga TE, Timmers HJLM et al. Efficacy of α-blockers on hemodynamic control during pheochromocytoma resection (PRESCRIPT). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:2381–2391.
2. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2022;43:3826–3924.
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9. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Herz, pulmonale Hypertonie und kardiale Implantate Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Anesthesiology 2020;132:225–252.
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3. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2022;43:3826–3924.
4. Humbert M, Kovacs G, Hoeper MM et al. 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2022;43:3618–3731.
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6. Suga H, Sagawa K. Instantaneous pressure-volume relationships and their ratio in the excised, supported canine left ventricle. Circ Res 1974;35:117–126.
7. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 2022;43:561–632.
8. Writing Committee for the VISION Study Investigators. Association of postoperative high-sensitivity troponin levels with myocardial injury and 30-day mortality. JAMA 2017;317:1642–1651.
9. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Schwieriger Atemweg Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Iliff H, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2025 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth 2026; 136:283–307.
2. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Connis RT, et al. 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiology 2022; 136:31–81.
3. Prekker ME, Driver BE, Trent SA, et al. Video versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults (DEVICE). N Engl J Med 2023; 389:418–429.
4. Gibbs KW, Semler MW, Driver BE, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for preoxygenation during emergency intubation (PREOXI). N Engl J Med 2024; 390:2165–2177.
5. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, et al. Ketamine or etomidate for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults (RSI). N Engl J Med 2025.
6. Hansel J, Rogers AM, Lewis SR, Cook TM, Smith AF. Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for adults undergoing tracheal intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 4:CD011136.
7. Driver BE, Semler MW, Self WH, et al. Effect of use of a bougie vs endotracheal tube with stylet on successful intubation on the first attempt (BOUGIE). JAMA 2021; 326:2488–2497.
8. DGAI. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement (AWMF 001-028); aktuellen Stand bitte prüfen.

Strukturierte Echokardiographie in der Prämedikationsambulanz Allgemeinanästhesie und perioperative Medizin

1. Kursunterlage: Handbuch zur Durchführung der strukturierten Echokardiographie in der Prämedikationsambulanz und der fokussierten Echokardiographie im OP, auf der Intensivstation und in der Notaufnahme, adaptiert für Esaote MyLab25Gold (als PDF in der Mediathek).
2. Lichtenstein DA, Mezière GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure: the BLUE protocol. Chest 2008; 134:117.
3. Lang RM et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:1.
4. Nagueh SF et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2016; 29:277.
5. Rudski LG et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:685.
6. Baumgartner H et al. Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30:372.

Einführung in die Regionalanästhesie Regionalanästhesie

1. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436.
2. Baeriswyl M, Kirkham KR, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Albrecht E. Efficacy of perineural vs systemic dexamethasone to prolong analgesia after peripheral nerve block: meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2017;119:183–191.
3. Lemke E, Johnston DF, Behrens MB, et al. Neurological injury following peripheral nerve blocks: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:122–132.
4. Wiesmann T, Schubert AK, Volk T, et al. S1-Leitlinie Prävention und Therapie der systemischen Lokalanästhetika-Intoxikation (LAST). Anästh Intensivmed 2020;61:225–238.
5. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022; 39:100–132.
6. Kopp SL, Vandermeulen E, McBane RD, et al. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: ASRA evidence-based guidelines, fifth edition. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2025; doi:10.1136/rapm-2024-105766.
7. Blanco R, et al.; Faszienblockaden: siehe Literatur der Lerneinheit Faszienblockaden .
8. DGAI. Empfehlungen zur Durchführung von Regionalanästhesien und zur Hygiene bei Kathetertechniken; aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.

Ultraschall in der Anästhesie: Bildeinstellung, Bildoptimierung und Punktionstechnik Regionalanästhesie

1. Mäcken T. Ultraschall: Bildeinstellung und Optimierung im B-Mode. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
2. Mäcken T. Out-of-plane-Punktion: drei wichtige Übungen. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
3. Barrington MJ, Kluger R. Ultrasound guidance reduces the risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity following peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013;38:289–297.
4. Neal JM, Brull R, Horn JL, et al. The second ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: executive summary. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016;41:181–194.
5. Bowness JS, Pawa A, Turbitt L, et al. International consensus on anatomical structures to identify on ultrasound for the performance of basic blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022;47:106–112.
6. Ashken T, Bowness J, Macfarlane AJR, et al. Recommendations for anatomical structures to identify on ultrasound for intermediate and advanced blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022;47:762–772.
7. Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Tachibana K, et al. Ultrasound-guided short-axis out-of-plane approach with or without dynamic needle tip positioning for arterial line insertion in children: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2023;42:101206.
8. Wu G, Chen C, Gu X, et al. Ultrasound-guided dynamic needle-tip positioning method is superior to conventional palpation and ultrasound method in arterial catheterization. J Clin Med 2022;11:6539.
9. Liu L, Tan Y, Li S, Tian J. Modified dynamic needle tip positioning short-axis, out-of-plane, ultrasound-guided radial artery cannulation in neonates: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2019;129:178–183.
10. Sites BD, Brull R, Chan VWS, et al. Artifacts and pitfall errors associated with ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007;32:419–433.
11. Müller T, Martiny H, Merz E, et al. DEGUM recommendations on infection prevention in ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound. Ultraschall Med 2018;39:284–303.
12. Kerwat K, Schulz-Stübner S, Steinfeldt T, et al. Hygieneempfehlungen für die Regionalanästhesie. Handlungsempfehlung des Arbeitskreises Regionalanästhesie der DGAI, AWMF-Register 001-014.

Rückenmarksnahe Verfahren, Plexusblockaden und Katheteranalgesie Regionalanästhesie

1. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436.
2. Perlas A, Chaparro LE, Chin KJ. Lumbar neuraxial ultrasound for spinal and epidural anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016;41:251–260.
3. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
4. Uppal V, Russell R, Sondekoppam R, et al. Consensus practice guidelines on post-dural puncture headache from a multisociety, international working group. JAMA Netw Open 2023;6:e2325387.
5. Bomberg H, Bayer I, Wagenpfeil S, et al. Prolonged catheter use and infection in regional anesthesia: a retrospective registry analysis. Anesthesiology 2018;128:764–773.
6. Lemke E, Johnston DF, Behrens MB, et al. Neurological injury following peripheral nerve blocks: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:122–132.
7. Kinsella SM, Carvalho B, Dyer RA, et al. International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2018;73:71–92.

Plexus brachialis: funktionelle Anatomie als Entscheidungsgrundlage Regionalanästhesie

1. Mäcken T, Litz R. Plexus brachialis: Anatomie als Entscheidungshilfe für Indikationen von Blockaden. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
2. Mäcken T, Litz R. Plexus brachialis axillär: Sonoanatomie, Besonderheiten und Kurzanleitung. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
3. Mäcken T, Litz R. Die infraclaviculäre Plexus brachialis Blockade. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
4. Mäcken T, Litz R. Regionalanästhesie für die Schulterchirurgie. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
5. Feigl GC, Aichner E, Mattersberger C, et al. Ultrasound-guided anterior approach to the axillary and intercostobrachial nerves in the axillary fossa: an anatomical investigation. Br J Anaesth 2018;121:883–889.
6. Nijs K, Hertogen P, Buelens S, et al. Axillary brachial plexus block compared with other regional anesthesia techniques in distal upper limb surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2024;13:3185.
7. Nijs K, Van Rossum M, Ory JP, et al. Ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block versus distal peripheral forearm nerve block for hand and wrist surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 2023;131:e20–e22.
8. Vazin M, Jensen K, Kristensen DL, et al. Low-volume brachial plexus block providing surgical anesthesia for distal arm surgery comparing supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary approach: a randomized observer blind trial. Biomed Res Int 2016;2016:7094121.
9. Kubulus C, Saadati M, Müller-Wirtz LM, et al. Risk profiles of common brachial plexus block sites: results from the net-ra registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2026;51:443–453.
10. El-Boghdadly K, Albrecht E, Wolmarans M, et al. Standardizing nomenclature in regional anesthesia: an ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus study of upper and lower limb nerve blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:782–792.
11. Tran DQ, Elgueta MF, Aliste J, Finlayson RJ. Diaphragm-sparing nerve blocks for shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017;42:32–38.
12. Kang R, Jeong JS, Chin KJ, et al. Superior trunk block provides noninferior analgesia compared with interscalene brachial plexus block in arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Anesthesiology 2019;131:1316–1326.
13. Rand A, Avila González CA, Feigl GC, et al. Ambulante Versorgung akuter Verletzungen der oberen Extremität mit axillärer Plexusanästhesie in der Notaufnahme. Anaesthesist 2020;69:388–396.
14. Bowness JS, Pawa A, Turbitt L, et al. International consensus on anatomical structures to identify on ultrasound for the performance of basic blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022;47:106–112.

Die sieben Basisblockaden: Konzept, Neurostimulation und Lokalanästhetika Regionalanästhesie

1. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436. doi:10.1007/s00101-026-01667-1.
2. Turbitt LR, Mariano ER, El-Boghdadly K. Future directions in regional anaesthesia: not just for the cognoscenti. Anaesthesia 2020;75:293–297.
3. Chuan A, Jeyaratnam B, Fathil S, et al. Non-fellowship regional anesthesia training and assessment: an international Delphi study on a consensus curriculum. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021;46:867–873.
4. Bowness JS, Pawa A, Turbitt L, et al. International consensus on anatomical structures to identify on ultrasound for the performance of basic blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022;47:106–112.
5. Ashken T, Bowness J, Macfarlane AJR, et al. Recommendations for anatomical structures to identify on ultrasound for intermediate and advanced blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022;47:762–772.
6. El-Boghdadly K, Albrecht E, Wolmarans M, et al. Standardizing nomenclature in regional anesthesia: an ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus study of upper and lower limb nerve blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:782–792.
7. Barrington MJ, Kluger R. Ultrasound guidance reduces the risk of local anesthetic systemic toxicity following peripheral nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013;38:289–297.
8. Neal JM, Brull R, Horn JL, et al. The second ASRA evidence-based medicine assessment of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: executive summary. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016;41:181–194.
9. Bomberg H, Wetjen L, Wagenpfeil S, et al. Risks and benefits of ultrasound, nerve stimulation, and their combination for guiding peripheral nerve blocks: a retrospective registry analysis. Anesth Analg 2018;127:1035–1043.
10. Gadsden JC. The role of peripheral nerve stimulation in the era of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2021;76 Suppl 1:65–73.
11. Coudray A, Choquet O, Swisser F, et al. Combination of real-time needle-tip pressure sensing and minimal intensity stimulation limits unintentional intraneural injection. J Clin Anesth 2021;74:110420.
12. Bigeleisen PE, Moayeri N, Groen GJ. Extraneural versus intraneural stimulation thresholds during ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block. Anesthesiology 2009;110:1235–1243.
13. Retter S, Szerb J, Kwofie K, et al. Incidence of sub-perineural injection using a targeted intracluster supraclavicular ultrasound-guided approach in cadavers. Br J Anaesth 2019;122. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.01.006.
14. Lemke E, Johnston DF, Behrens MB, et al. Neurological injury following peripheral nerve blocks: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:122–132.
15. Kubulus C, Saadati M, Müller-Wirtz LM, et al. Risk profiles of common brachial plexus block sites: results from the net-ra registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2026;51:443–453.
16. Baeriswyl M, Kirkham KR, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Albrecht E. Efficacy of perineural vs systemic dexamethasone to prolong analgesia after peripheral nerve block: meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2017;119:183–191.
17. Desai N, Kirkham KR, Albrecht E. Local anaesthetic adjuncts for peripheral regional anaesthesia: a narrative review. Anaesthesia 2021;76 Suppl 1:100–109.
18. Barry GS, Bailey JG, Sardinha J, et al. Factors associated with rebound pain after peripheral nerve block for ambulatory surgery. Br J Anaesth 2021;126:862–871.
19. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
20. Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, Urmey WF. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004;29:564–575.
21. Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg GL. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine local anesthetic systemic toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021;46:81–82.
22. Wiesmann T, Schubert AK, Volk T, et al. S1-Leitlinie Prävention und Therapie der systemischen Lokalanästhetika-Intoxikation (LAST). Anästh Intensivmed 2020;61:225–238.
23. Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: a review of the published evidence. Anesth Analg 2011;113:904–925.
24. Fujino T, Yoshida T, Kawagoe I et al. Migration rate of proximal adductor canal block catheters placed parallel versus perpendicular to the nerve after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023;48:420–424.
25. Pehora C, Pearson AM, Kaushal A, Crawford MW, Johnston B. Dexamethasone as an adjuvant to peripheral nerve block. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;11:CD011770.
26. Corcoran TB, Myles PS, Forbes AB et al. Dexamethasone and surgical-site infection (PADDI). N Engl J Med 2021;384:1731–1741.

Basisblockaden der oberen Extremität: axillär und interskalenär Regionalanästhesie

1. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436.
2. Neal JM, Gerancher JC, Hebl JR, et al. Upper extremity regional anesthesia: essentials of our current understanding, 2008. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009;34:134–170.
3. Karmakar MK, Pakpirom J, Songthamwat B, et al. High definition ultrasound imaging of the individual elements of the brachial plexus above the clavicle. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;45:344–350.
4. Feigl GC, Litz RJ, Marhofer P. Anatomy of the brachial plexus and its implications for daily clinical practice: regional anesthesia is applied anatomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;45:620–627.
5. O’Donnell BD, Iohom G. An estimation of the minimum effective anesthetic volume of 2% lidocaine in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block. Anesthesiology 2009;111:25–29.
6. Magazzeni P, Jochum D, Iohom G, et al. Ultrasound-guided selective versus conventional block of the medial brachial cutaneous and the intercostobrachial nerves: a randomized clinical trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018;43:832–837.
7. El-Boghdadly K, Chin KJ, Chan VWS. Phrenic nerve palsy and regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery: anatomical, physiologic, and clinical considerations. Anesthesiology 2017;127:173–191.
8. Riazi S, Carmichael N, Awad I, et al. Effect of local anaesthetic volume (20 vs 5 ml) on the efficacy and respiratory consequences of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 2008;101:549–556.
9. Urmey WF, Talts KH, Sharrock NE. One hundred percent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paresis associated with interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1991;72:498–503.
10. Albrecht E, Kirkham KR, Taffé P, et al. The maximum effective needle-to-nerve distance for ultrasound-guided interscalene block: an exploratory study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014;39:56–60.
11. Toma O, Persoons B, Pogatzki-Zahn E, et al. PROSPECT guideline for rotator cuff repair surgery. Anaesthesia 2019;74:1320–1331.
12. Kubulus C, Saadati M, Müller-Wirtz LM, et al. Risk profiles of common brachial plexus block sites: results from the net-ra registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2026;51:443–453.
13. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
14. Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: a review of the published evidence. Anesth Analg 2011;113:904–925.
15. Bernucci F, Gonzalez AP, Finlayson RJ, Tran DQ. A prospective, randomized comparison between perivascular and perineural ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2012;37:473–477.

Basisblockaden der unteren Extremität: Femoralis, Trigonum femorale, popliteal, PENG Regionalanästhesie

1. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436.
2. Girón-Arango L, Peng PWH, Chin KJ, et al. Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block for hip fracture. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018;43:859–863.
3. Laumonerie P, Dalmas Y, Tibbo ME, et al. Sensory innervation of the hip joint and referred pain: a systematic review. Pain Med 2021;22:1149–1157.
4. Anns JP, Chen EW, Nirkavan N, et al. A comparison of sartorius versus quadriceps stimulation for femoral nerve block: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2011. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182052213.
5. El-Boghdadly K, Albrecht E, Wolmarans M, et al. Standardizing nomenclature in regional anesthesia: an ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus study of upper and lower limb nerve blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:782–792.
6. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
7. Haslam N, Bedforth N, Pandit JJ. Prep, stop, block: refreshing stop before you block with new national guidance. Anaesthesia 2022;77:372–375.
8. Wiesmann T, Schubert AK, Volk T, et al. S1-Leitlinie Prävention und Therapie der systemischen Lokalanästhetika-Intoxikation (LAST). Anästh Intensivmed 2020;61:225–238.
9. Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg GL. ASRA Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021;46:81–82.
10. Lemke E, Johnston DF, Behrens MB, et al. Neurological injury following peripheral nerve blocks: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:122–132.
11. Memtsoudis SG, Cozowicz C, et al. Peripheral nerve block anesthesia and analgesia for hip and knee arthroplasty: ICAROS recommendations. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021;46:971–985.
12. Lavand'homme PM, Kehlet H, Rawal N, Joshi GP. Pain management after total knee arthroplasty: PROSPECT recommendations. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:743–757.
13. de Arzuaga CIS, Miguel M, Biarnés A, et al. Femoral nerve block versus femoral triangle block versus adductor canal block for total knee arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023;143:6763–6771.
14. Bai S, Hu A, Li W, et al. Femoral triangle block versus adductor canal block after total knee arthroplasty: meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol 2025;25:202.
15. Sørensen JK, Grevstad U, Jaeger P, et al. Popliteal plexus block after total knee arthroplasty: randomized trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2025;50:907–913.
16. Skjold C, Møller AM, Wildgaard K. Preoperative femoral nerve block for hip fracture: meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020;64:23–33.
17. Hayashi M, Yamamoto N, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks in the preoperative management of hip fractures: network meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2024;83:522–538.
18. White L, Bright M, Velli G, et al. Proximal popliteal sciatic nerve block compared with distal or selective block: meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2022;129:e158–e162.
19. Olofsson M, Nguyen A, Rossel JB, Albrecht E. Ankle versus popliteal sciatic nerve block after forefoot surgery: randomized trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024;41:55–60.
20. DGAI. S1-Leitlinie Hygieneempfehlungen für die Regionalanästhesie, AWMF 001-014, 2025.
21. Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: a review of the published evidence. Anesth Analg 2011;113:904–925.
22. Fujino T, Yoshida T, Kawagoe I et al. Migration rate of proximal adductor canal block catheters placed parallel versus perpendicular to the nerve after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023;48:420–424.
23. Rosenberg PH, Veering BT, Urmey WF. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004;29:564–575.

Faszienblockaden: TAP und Serratus als Basisblöcke, dazu QL, ESP, PECS, Fascia iliaca Regionalanästhesie

1. Chin KJ, Versyck B, Elsharkawy H, et al. Anatomical basis of fascial plane blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021; 46(7):581–599.
2. Black ND, Stecco C, Chan VW. Fascial plane blocks: more questions than answers? Anesth Analg 2021; 132(3):899–905.
3. Rafi AN. Abdominal field block: a new approach via the lumbar triangle. Anaesthesia 2001; 56(10):1024–1026.
4. McDonnell JG, O'Donnell BD, Tuite D, et al. The regional abdominal field infiltration (RAFI) technique. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:A899.
5. Tran TM et al. Spread of injectate after TAP block: a cadaveric study. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102(1):123–127.
6. Blanco R. TAP block under ultrasound guidance: the description of a „no pops“ technique. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2007; 32:130.
7. Elsharkawy H, El-Boghdadly K, Barrington M. Quadratus lumborum block: anatomical concepts, mechanisms, and techniques. Anesthesiology 2019; 130(2):322–335.
8. Gupta A et al. Quadratus lumborum block: technical review. Curr Anesthesiol Rep 2019; 9:257–262.
9. Forero M et al. The erector spinae plane block: a novel analgesic technique in thoracic neuropathic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016; 41(5):621–627.
10. Pourkashanian A, Narayanan M, Venkataraju A. The erector spinae plane block: a review of current evidence. Update in Anaesthesia 2020; 35:27–33.
11. Pawa A et al. Is the erector spinae plane block the ultimate Plan A block? Br J Anaesth 2023; 130(5):497–502.
12. Bonvicini D et al. Anatomical basis of the erector spinae plane block: a histotopographic study. J Anesth 2021; 35:102–111.
13. Blanco R et al. Pecs block: a novel technique for providing analgesia after breast surgery. Im Repetitorium zitiert als Anaesthesia 2012; 67(9):1066–1068; Erstbeschreibung Anaesthesia 2011; 66:847 (siehe Lektion 5).
14. Bashandy GM, Abbas DN. Pectoral nerves I and II blocks versus paravertebral block. J Clin Anesth 2015; 27(3):175–179.
15. Woodworth GE et al. Ultrasound-guided PECS I and II blocks: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 42(5):549–557.
16. Blanco R, Parras T, McDonnell JG, Prats-Galino A. Serratus plane block: a novel ultrasound-guided thoracic wall nerve block. Anaesthesia 2013; 68(11):1107–1113.
17. Mayes J et al. Efficacy of the serratus plane block for mastectomy. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117(5):720–726.
18. Hamilton DL et al. Ultrasound-guided serratus anterior plane block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 42(3):372–373.
19. Dalens B, Vanneuville G, Tanguy A. Comparison of the fascia iliaca compartment block with the 3-in-1 block in children. Anesth Analg 1989; 69(6):705–713.
20. Hebbard P, Ivanusic J, Sha S. Ultrasound-guided supra-inguinal fascia iliaca block: a cadaveric evaluation. Anaesthesia 2011; 66(4):300–305.
21. Vermeylen K, Desmet M, Leunen I, et al. Supra-inguinal injection for fascia iliaca compartment block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019; 44(4):483–491.
22. Willard FH, Vleeming A, Schuenke MD, Danneels L, Schleip R. The thoracolumbar fascia: anatomy, function and clinical considerations. J Anat 2012; 221(6):507–536.
23. Stecco C, Gagey O, Macchi V, et al. The fascia: the forgotten structure. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2011; 15(1):50–53.
24. NYSORA, The New York School of Regional Anesthesia: https://www.nysora.com
25. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436.
26. Oostvogels L, Weibel S, Meißner M, et al. Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024;CD013763.pub3.
27. Feray S, Lubach J, Joshi GP, et al. PROSPECT guidelines for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Anaesthesia 2022;77:311–325.
28. Chin KJ, El-Boghdadly K. Mechanisms of action of the erector spinae plane (ESP) block: a narrative review. Can J Anaesth 2021;68:387–408.
29. Neal JM et al. The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine checklist for managing local anesthetic systemic toxicity: 2020 version. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021; 46:81.
30. Blanco R. The „pecs block“: a novel technique for providing analgesia after breast surgery. Anaesthesia 2011; 66:847.
31. Girón-Arango L et al. Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block for hip fracture. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018; 43:859.

Erweiterte Blockaden der oberen Extremität: periklavikulär, Truncus superior, Zervikalplexus, Skapula, Einzelnerven Regionalanästhesie

1. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436.
2. Kim DH, Lin Y, Beathe JC, et al. Superior trunk block: a phrenic-sparing alternative to the interscalene block: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2019;131:521–533.
3. Aliste J, Bravo D, Layera S, et al. Randomized comparison between interscalene and costoclavicular blocks for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019;44:472–477.
4. Hussain N, Goldar G, Ragina N, et al. Suprascapular and interscalene nerve block for shoulder surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2017;127:998–1013.
5. El-Boghdadly K, Chin KJ, Chan VWS. Phrenic nerve palsy and regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery. Anesthesiology 2017;127:173–191.
6. Retter S, Szerb J, Kwofie K, et al. Incidence of sub-perineural injection using a targeted intracluster supraclavicular ultrasound-guided approach in cadavers. Br J Anaesth 2019;122. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.01.006.
7. Gadsden J, Orebaugh S. Targeted intracluster supraclavicular brachial plexus block: too close for comfort. Br J Anaesth 2019;122:713–715.
8. Techasuk W, González AP, Bernucci F, et al. A randomized comparison between double-injection and targeted intracluster-injection ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 2014;118:1363–1369.
9. Kubulus C, Saadati M, Müller-Wirtz LM, et al. Risk profiles of common brachial plexus block sites: results from the net-ra registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2026;51:443–453.
10. Karmakar MK, Pakpirom J, Songthamwat B, et al. High definition ultrasound imaging of the individual elements of the brachial plexus above the clavicle. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;45:344–350.
11. Sonawane K, Dixit H, Balavenkatasubramanian J, Gurumoorthi P. Uncovering secrets of the beauty bone: a comprehensive review of anatomy and regional anesthesia techniques of clavicle surgeries. Open J Orthop Rheumatol 2021;6:19–29.
12. Prabhakar H, Rath S, Kalaivani M, Bhanderi N. Adrenaline with lidocaine for digital nerve blocks. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(3):CD010645.
13. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
14. GALA Trial Collaborative Group. General anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia for carotid surgery (GALA): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:2132–2142.
15. Lalonde D, Bell M, Benoit P et al. A multicenter prospective study of 3,110 consecutive cases of elective epinephrine use in the fingers and hand: the Dalhousie Project clinical phase. J Hand Surg Am 2005;30:1061–1067.

Erweiterte Blockaden der unteren Extremität: Fascia iliaca, Adduktorenkanal, Hüftnerven, proximaler Ischiadicus, Fußblock Regionalanästhesie

1. Huppertz-Thyssen MH, Andres AH, et al. Periphere Regionalanästhesie und -analgesie: „the magnificent seven“ für die Weiterbildung. Anaesthesiologie 2026;75:426–436.
2. Bendtsen TF, Pedersen EM, Moriggl B, et al. Anatomical considerations for obturator nerve block with fascia iliaca compartment block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021 (online 28.04.2021).
3. Dooley J, Bullock WM, Kumar AH, et al. Systematic sonographic and evoked motor identification of the nerve to vastus medialis during adductor canal block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;45:937–938.
4. El-Boghdadly K, Albrecht E, Wolmarans M, et al. Standardizing nomenclature in regional anesthesia: an ASRA-ESRA Delphi consensus study of upper and lower limb nerve blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:782–792.
5. Laumonerie P, Dalmas Y, Tibbo ME, et al. Sensory innervation of the hip joint and referred pain: a systematic review of the literature. Pain Med 2021;22:1149–1157.
6. Lee B, Park KK, Choi YS. Nerve blocks for optimal postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Pain Med 2019;14:249–254.
7. Shevlin S, Johnston D, Turbitt L. The sciatic nerve block. BJA Educ 2020;20:312–320.
8. Karmakar MK, Reina MA, Sivakumar RK, et al. Ultrasound-guided subparaneural popliteal sciatic nerve block: there is more to it than meets the eyes. Reg Anesth Pain Med, online 19.10.2020. doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-101709.
9. Johnson CS, Johnson RL, Niesen AD, et al. Ultrasound-guided posterior femoral cutaneous nerve block: a cadaveric study. J Ultrasound Med 2018;37:897–903.
10. Delbos A, Philippe M, Clément C, et al. Ultrasound-guided ankle block. History revisited. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2019;33:79–93.
11. Kir MC, Kir G. Ankle nerve block adjuvant to general anesthesia reduces postsurgical pain and improves functional outcomes in hallux valgus surgery. Med Princ Pract 2018;27:236–240.
12. Korwin-Kochanowska K, Potié A, El-Boghdadly K, et al. PROSPECT guideline for hallux valgus repair surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;45:702–708.
13. Olofsson M, Nguyen A, Rossel JB, Albrecht E. Ankle versus popliteal sciatic nerve block after forefoot surgery: randomized trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024;41:55–60.
14. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
15. Girón-Arango L, Peng PWH, Chin KJ, Brull R, Perlas A. Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block for hip fracture. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018;43:859–863.

Wirbelsäulennahe Blockaden für Fortgeschrittene: Zugänge, Ultraschall der Wirbelsäule, ESP, MTP und Paravertebralblock Regionalanästhesie

1. Chin KJ, Karmakar MK, Peng P. Ultrasonography of the adult thoracic and lumbar spine for central neuraxial blockade. Anesthesiology 2011;114:1459–1485.
2. Perlas A, Chaparro LE, Chin KJ. Lumbar neuraxial ultrasound for spinal and epidural anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016;41:251–260.
3. Poots C, Chin KJ. Strategies for successful lumbar neuraxial anaesthesia and analgesia in patients with challenging anatomy. BJA Educ 2024;24:46–56.
4. Yoo S, Kim Y, Park SK, et al. Ultrasonography for lumbar neuraxial block. Anesth Pain Med 2020;15:397–408.
5. Forero M, Adhikary SD, Lopez H, et al. The erector spinae plane block: a novel analgesic technique in thoracic neuropathic pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016;41:621–627.
6. Chin KJ, El-Boghdadly K. Mechanisms of action of the erector spinae plane (ESP) block: a narrative review. Can J Anaesth 2021;68:387–408.
7. Oostvogels L, Weibel S, Meißner M, et al. Erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024;CD013763.pub3.
8. Costache I, Pawa A, Abdallah FW, et al. The mid-point transverse process to pleura (MTP) block: a new end-point for thoracic paravertebral block. Anaesthesia 2017;72:1230–1236.
9. Cho TH, Kim SH, O J, et al. Anatomy of the thoracic paravertebral space: 3D micro-CT findings and their clinical implications for nerve blockade. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021;46:699–703.
10. Feray S, Lubach J, Joshi GP, et al. PROSPECT guidelines for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Anaesthesia 2022;77:311–325.
11. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
12. Kubulus C, Schmitt K, Albert N et al. Awake, sedated or anaesthetised for regional anaesthesia block placements? A retrospective registry analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016;33:715–724.

Zielgerecht blocken: Evidenz für die Blockwahl in Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Regionalanästhesie

1. de Carvalho CC, El-Boghdadly K, et al. Netzwerk-Metaanalyse zu opioidfreier und opioidhaltiger Anästhesie mit und ohne Regionalanästhesie (885 randomisierte Studien). Anaesthesia 2026;81:702–712. doi:10.1111/anae.70121. Leserbriefe: doi:10.1111/anae.70267 und 10.1111/anae.70272.
2. Toma O, Persoons B, Pogatzki-Zahn E, et al. PROSPECT guideline for rotator cuff repair surgery. Anaesthesia 2019;74:1320–1331.
3. Riazi S, Carmichael N, Awad I, et al. Effect of local anaesthetic volume (20 vs 5 ml) on the efficacy and respiratory consequences of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block. Br J Anaesth 2008;101:549–556.
4. Kim DH, Lin Y, Beathe JC, et al. Superior trunk block: a phrenic-sparing alternative to the interscalene block. Anesthesiology 2019;131:521–533.
5. Aliste J, Bravo D, Layera S, et al. Randomized comparison between interscalene and costoclavicular blocks for arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019;44:472–477.
6. Hussain N, Goldar G, Ragina N, et al. Suprascapular and interscalene nerve block for shoulder surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesiology 2017;127:998–1013.
7. El-Boghdadly K, Chin KJ, Chan VWS. Phrenic nerve palsy and regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery. Anesthesiology 2017;127:173–191.
8. Kubulus C, Saadati M, Müller-Wirtz LM, et al. Risk profiles of common brachial plexus block sites: results from the net-ra registry. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2026;51:443–453.
9. Magazzeni P, Jochum D, Iohom G, et al. Ultrasound-guided selective versus conventional block of the medial brachial cutaneous and the intercostobrachial nerves. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018;43:832–837.
10. Barry GS, Bailey JG, Sardinha J, et al. Factors associated with rebound pain after peripheral nerve block for ambulatory surgery. Br J Anaesth 2021;126:862–871.
11. Laumonerie P, Dalmas Y, Tibbo ME, et al. Sensory innervation of the hip joint and referred pain: a systematic review. Pain Med 2021;22:1149–1157.
12. Girón-Arango L, Peng PWH, Chin KJ, et al. Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block for hip fracture. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018;43:859–863.
13. Guay J, Kopp S. Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;11:CD001159.
14. Hayashi M, Yamamoto N, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks in the preoperative management of hip fractures: network meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med 2024;83:522–538.
15. Griffiths R, Babu S, Dixon P, et al. Guideline for the management of hip fractures 2020. Anaesthesia 2021;76:225–237.
16. Anger M, Valovska T, Beloeil H, et al. PROSPECT guideline for total hip arthroplasty. Anaesthesia 2021;76:1082–1097.
17. Lavand’homme PM, Kehlet H, Rawal N, Joshi GP. Pain management after total knee arthroplasty: PROSPECT recommendations. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:743–757.
18. Korwin-Kochanowska K, Potié A, El-Boghdadly K, et al. PROSPECT guideline for hallux valgus repair surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;45:702–708.
19. Kir MC, Kir G. Ankle nerve block adjuvant to general anesthesia reduces postsurgical pain and improves functional outcomes in hallux valgus surgery. Med Princ Pract 2018;27:236–240.
20. Olofsson M, Nguyen A, Rossel JB, Albrecht E. Ankle versus popliteal sciatic nerve block after forefoot surgery: randomized trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024;41:55–60.
21. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.

Kontrollierte Gewebearbeit: Querschnittanatomie, Nadelführung und Katheter Regionalanästhesie

1. Feigl GC, Aichner E, Mattersberger C, et al. Ultrasound-guided anterior approach to the axillary and intercostobrachial nerves in the axillary fossa: an anatomical investigation. Br J Anaesth 2018;121:883–889.
2. Andersen HL, Andersen SL, Tranum-Jensen J. The spread of injectate during saphenous nerve block at the adductor canal: a cadaver study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015;59:238–245.
3. Kirkham KR, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Albrecht E. Optimal dose of perineural dexamethasone and adductor canal block for total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2017;124:1443–1456.
4. Karkhur Y, Mahajan R, Kakralia A, et al. A comparative analysis of femoral nerve block with adductor canal block following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic literature review. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2018;34:433–438.
5. Perlas A, Wong P, Abdallah F, et al. Ultrasound-guided popliteal block through a common paraneural sheath versus conventional injection: a prospective randomized comparison. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013;38:218–225.
6. Cappelleri G, Ambrosoli AL, Gemma M, et al. Intraneural ultrasound-guided sciatic nerve block: minimum effective volume and electrophysiologic effects. Anesthesiology 2018;129:241–248.
7. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Brull R, et al. The second ASRA practice advisory on neurologic complications associated with regional anesthesia and pain medicine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015;40:401–430.
8. Lemke E, Johnston DF, Behrens MB, et al. Neurological injury following peripheral nerve blocks: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:122–132.
9. Gadsden JC, Latmore M, Levine DM, Robinson A. High opening injection pressure is associated with needle-nerve and needle-fascia contact during femoral nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2016;41:50–55.
10. Ilfeld BM. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks: an update of the published evidence and comparison with novel, alternative analgesic modalities. Anesth Analg 2017;124:308–335.
11. Kim TE, Mariano ER. Developing a multidisciplinary fall prevention program for total knee arthroplasty patients receiving regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2016;122:1223–1224.
12. Bowness JS, Pawa A, Turbitt L, et al. International consensus on anatomical structures to identify on ultrasound for the performance of basic blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022;47:106–112.

KI und automatisierte Nadelführung: Technik, Evidenz, klinische Realität Regionalanästhesie

1. Hemmerling TM, Taddei R, Wehbe M, et al. First robotic ultrasound-guided nerve blocks in humans using the Magellan system. Anesth Analg 2013;116:491–494.
2. Kåsine T, et al. Needle-Tip-Tracking bei ultraschallgesteuerten Blockaden im Phantom: randomisierte, beobachterverblindete Crossover-Studie. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2019;63:1055–1062.
3. Kåsine T, et al. Needle-Tip-Tracking bei ultraschallgesteuerten in-plane-Blockaden an Freiwilligen: randomisierte Studie, 26 Probanden. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;45:634–639.
4. Bowness JS, et al. Externe Validierung eines KI-Assistenzsystems zur Interpretation von Ultraschallbildern in der Regionalanästhesie. Br J Anaesth 2023;130:226–233.
5. US Food and Drug Administration. De Novo classification request: ScanNav Anatomy Peripheral Nerve Block, Oktober 2022.
6. SmartAlpha. Nerveblox: Zulassungen CE, UKCA, TGA und FDA 510(k) (August 2025), Herstellerangaben.

Kinderanästhesie kompakt: Vorbereitung, Einleitung, Volumen und Regionalverfahren Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Coté CJ, Zaslavsky A, Downes JJ et al. Postoperative apnea in former preterm infants after inguinal herniorrhaphy: a combined analysis. Anesthesiology 1995;82:809–822.
2. Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Fischer JE et al. Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. Br J Anaesth 2009;103:867–873.
3. Disma N, Asai T, Cools E et al. Airway management in neonates and infants: European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and British Journal of Anaesthesia joint guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024;41:3–23.
4. Frykholm P, Disma N, Andersson H et al. Pre-operative fasting in children: a guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:4–25.
5. DGAI. S1-Leitlinie Perioperative Nüchternzeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, 2022.
6. Siebert JN, Posfay-Barbe KM, Habre W, Siegrist CA. Influence of anesthesia on immune responses and its effect on vaccination in children: review of evidence. Paediatr Anaesth 2007;17:410–420.
7. von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Boda K, Chambers NA et al. Risk assessment for respiratory complications in paediatric anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2010;376:773–783.
8. Neuhaus D, Schmitz A, Gerber A, Weiss M. Controlled rapid sequence induction and intubation: an analysis of 1001 children. Paediatr Anaesth 2013;23:734–740.
9. Sümpelmann R, Becke K, Brenner S et al. Perioperative intravenous fluid therapy in children: guidelines from the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. Paediatr Anaesth 2017;27:10–18.
10. Valentine SL, Bembea MM, Muszynski JA et al. Consensus recommendations for RBC transfusion practice in critically ill children from the Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018;19:884–898.
11. Suresh S, Ecoffey C, Bosenberg A et al. The European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy/American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine recommendations on local anesthetics and adjuvants dosage in pediatric regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2018;43:211–216.
12. Gan TJ, Belani KG, Bergese S et al. Fourth consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2020;131:411–448.
13. European Resuscitation Council. Paediatric Life Support Guidelines, aktuelle Fassung.

Präoperative Evaluation im Kindesalter Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. American Society of Anesthesiologists. ASA Physical Status Classification System. Genehmigt 2014, zuletzt geändert am 13.12.2020 (mit Beispielen für Kinder und Schwangere).
2. Böhmer A, et al. Die aktualisierte Version der ASA-Klassifikation. Anästh Intensivmed 2021; 62:223–228.
3. Russo SG, Eich C, Höhne C, et al. S1-Leitlinie Management des erwartet schwierigen Atemwegs beim Kind. AWMF-Register 001-036, 2021.
4. Ständige Impfkommission. Empfehlung zur spezifischen Prophylaxe von RSV-Erkrankungen mit Nirsevimab bei Neugeborenen und Säuglingen in ihrer 1. RSV-Saison. Epid Bull 2024; 26.
5. European Association for Children in Hospital. EACH-Charta mit Erläuterungen, deutsche Fassung beim Aktionskomitee Kind im Krankenhaus (akik.de).
6. Orphananesthesia: Handlungsempfehlungen für die Anästhesie bei seltenen Erkrankungen. www.orphananesthesia.eu.
7. Badelt G, Goeters C, Becke-Jakob K, et al. S1-Leitlinie Obstruktive Schlafapnoe im Rahmen von Tonsillenchirurgie mit oder ohne Adenotomie bei Kindern: perioperatives Management. AWMF-Register 001-041. Anästh Intensivmed 2020; 61:587–597.
8. Eberl W, et al. Präoperatives Screening auf Gerinnungsstörungen vor Adenotomie und Tonsillektomie. Klin Pädiatr 2005; 217:20–24.
9. Strauß JM, et al. Gemeinsame Erklärung der DGAI (WAKKA), GTH, DGHNOKHC und DGKJM zur präoperativen Gerinnungsdiagnostik bei Kindern. Anästh Intensivmed 2006; 47:561–562.
10. Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Mayes LC, et al. Family-centered preparation for surgery improves perioperative outcomes in children: a randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology 2007; 106:65–74.
11. Becke K, Giest J, Strauß JM. Handlungsempfehlungen zur präoperativen Diagnostik, Impfabstand und Nüchternheit im Kindesalter. Anästh Intensivmed 2007; 48:S62–S66.

Nüchternheit bei Kindern Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Frykholm P, Disma N, Andersson H, et al. Pre-operative fasting in children: a guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022; 39:4–25.
2. Sümpelmann R, Beck C, Rudolph D, et al. S1-Leitlinie Perioperative Nüchternzeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. AWMF-Register 001-047. Anästh Intensivmed 2022; 63:320–328.
3. Frykholm P, Modiri AR, Klaucane A, et al.; EUROFAST Collaborative Group. Impact of liberal preoperative clear fluid fasting regimens on the risk of pulmonary aspiration in children (EUROFAST): an international prospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2025; 135:141–147.
4. Schmitz A, Kuhn F, Hofmann J, et al. Incidence of adverse respiratory events after adjustment of clear fluid fasting recommendations to 1 h: a prospective, observational, multi-institutional cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:66–75.
5. Beck CE, Rudolph D, Mahn C, et al. Impact of clear fluid fasting on pulmonary aspiration in children undergoing general anesthesia: results of the German prospective multicenter observational (NiKs) study. Paediatr Anaesth 2020; 30:892–899.
6. Andersson H, Zaren B, Frykholm P. Low incidence of pulmonary aspiration in children allowed intake of clear fluids until called to the operating suite. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25:770–777.

Das Kind mit Atemwegsinfekt Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Stepanovic B, Regli A, Becke-Jakob K, von Ungern-Sternberg BS. Preoperative preparation of children with upper respiratory tract infection: a focussed narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2024; 133:1212–1221.
2. von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Sommerfield D, Slevin L, et al. Effect of albuterol premedication vs placebo on the occurrence of respiratory adverse events in children undergoing tonsillectomies: the REACT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:527–533.
3. Erb TO, et al. The effect of intravenous lidocaine on laryngeal and respiratory reflex responses in anaesthetised children. Anaesthesia 2013; 68:13–20.

Aufklärung und Einwilligung im Kindesalter Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, §§ 630d, 630e, 1628.
2. Bundesgerichtshof. Urteil vom 20.12.2022, VI ZR 375/21 (keine Sperrfrist zwischen Aufklärung und Einwilligung); bestätigt durch Urteil vom 20.11.2023, VI ZR 380/22.
3. Halbe B. Behandlung Minderjähriger: Das gilt zu beachten. Dtsch Arztebl 2022; 119(41).
4. Bundesgerichtshof. Urteil vom 28.06.1988, VI ZR 288/87 (Einwilligung bei gemeinsamer elterlicher Sorge, Stufenmodell).
5. Bundesgerichtshof. Urteil vom 10.10.2006, VI ZR 74/05 (Vetorecht einsichtsfähiger Minderjähriger).

Angst, Prämedikation und das nicht kooperative Kind Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Jöhr M. Kinderanästhesie. 10. Auflage. München: Elsevier 2023.
2. Striebel HW, et al. Anästhesie bei Kindern: Sicherheit in der klinischen Praxis. 2. Auflage. Mainz: Böhmer und Mundloch 2022.
3. Fachinformationen EMLA, Midazolam, Esketamin, Dexmedetomidin, Propofol in der jeweils aktuellen Fassung.

Medikamentensicherheit und Spritzenkennzeichnung Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Kaufmann J, et al. Medikamentensicherheit in der Kinderanästhesie. S2k-Leitlinie der DGAI. AWMF-Register 001-033, Stand 11/2021.
2. Kaufmann J, et al. Medikamentensicherheit bei Kindernotfällen. S2k-Leitlinie der DGKJ. AWMF-Register 027-071, Stand 03/2021.
3. ISO 26825: Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment, user-applied labels for syringes containing drugs used during anaesthesia. Genf: ISO.
4. Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin. Empfehlung zu Spritzenetiketten (divi.de).
5. Nanji KC, et al. Evaluation of perioperative medication errors and adverse drug events. Anesthesiology 2016; 124:25–34.

Sicherheitskonzepte in der Kinderanästhesie Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Safetots: Safe Anesthesia For Every Tot. www.safetots.org.
2. Gude P, Weber TP, Dazert S, et al. Comparison of cerebral oxygen desaturation events between children under general anesthesia and chloral hydrate sedation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr 2022.
3. Vereinte Nationen. Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes (UN-Kinderrechtskonvention).

Monitoring und Temperaturmanagement Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Torossian A, Becke K, Bein B, et al. S3-Leitlinie Vermeidung von perioperativer Hypothermie, Aktualisierung 2019. AWMF-Register 001-018.
2. Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2017;140:e20171904.
3. Sessler DI. Perioperative thermoregulation and heat balance. Lancet 2016;387:2655–2664.
4. Jöhr M. Kinderanästhesie. 10. Auflage. München: Elsevier 2023.

Gefäßzugang: venös und intraossär Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Helm M, Gräsner JT, Gries A, et al. S1-Leitlinie Die intraossäre Infusion in der Notfallmedizin. AWMF-Register 001-042, Stand 11/2017 (Gültigkeit abgelaufen, in Überarbeitung).
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Kindlicher Atemweg: Tubus und Larynxmaske Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

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Narkoseeinleitung: inhalativ, intravenös und mit Larynxmaske Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

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6. Jöhr M. Kinderanästhesie. 10. Auflage. München: Elsevier 2023.
7. Fachinformationen Sevofluran, Propofol, Suxamethonium, Atropin in der jeweils aktuellen Fassung.

Aspirationsrisiko und Einleitung bei vollem Magen Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Schmidt J, et al. Handlungsempfehlung zur Rapid-Sequence-Induction im Kindesalter. Anästh Intensivmed 2007;48:88–93.
2. Habre W, Disma N, Virag K, et al. Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT). Lancet Respir Med 2017;5:412–425.
3. Spencer AO, Walker AM, Yeung AK, et al. Ultrasound assessment of gastric volume in the fasted pediatric patient undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Paediatr Anaesth 2015;25:301–308.
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Hämodynamik, Hypotonie und Volumen Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

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3. McCann ME, et al. Infantile postoperative encephalopathy: perioperative factors as a cause for concern. Pediatrics 2014;133:e751–e757.
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9. Jöhr M. Kinderanästhesie. 10. Auflage. München: Elsevier 2023.

Regionalanästhesie im Kindesalter Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

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Perioperative Schmerztherapie beim Kind Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. DGAI. S3-Leitlinie Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen, AWMF 001-025, Stand 09/2021.
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4. Aldamluji N, Burgess A, Pogatzki-Zahn E, et al. PROSPECT guideline for tonsillectomy. Anaesthesia 2021;76:947–961.
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6. European Medicines Agency. Codeine: restrictions on use in children (2013, 2015).
7. Fachinformationen Paracetamol i.v., Ibuprofen, Metamizol, Piritramid, Nalbuphin in der jeweils aktuellen Fassung.

Kritische Situationen: die 10 C Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. Habre W, Disma N, Virag K, et al. Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT). Lancet Respir Med 2017;5:412–425.
2. Disma N, Asai T, Cools E, et al. Airway management in neonates and infants: European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and British Journal of Anaesthesia joint guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024;41:3–23.
3. Weiss M, et al. Handlungsempfehlung zur Prävention und Behandlung des unerwartet schwierigen Atemwegs in der Kinderanästhesie. Anästh Intensivmed 2011;52:S54–S63.
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7. Safe Anesthesia For Every Tot, safetots.org.

Schwierige Intubation bei Babys Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

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3. Schmidt J 2008 (im Repetitorium zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
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5. Bayeux R 1897; Peter K 1936; Eckenhoff JE 1951; Holzki J et al. 2009 (Kehlkopfanatomie, im Repetitorium zitiert).
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7. Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Difficult Airway Society. Paediatric difficult airway guidelines, 2015.
8. Habre W et al. (APRICOT). Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia. Lancet Respir Med 2017; 5:412.
9. Litman RS et al. Developmental changes of laryngeal dimensions in unparalyzed, sedated children. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:41.
10. Dalal PG et al. Pediatric laryngeal dimensions: an age-based analysis. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:1475.

Aufwachraum, Emergence Delir und PONV Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

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Versorgung und Reanimation des Neugeborenen Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

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Normwerte, Material und Dosierungen nach Alter und Gewicht Kinderanästhesie und Neugeborene

1. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1:110767.
2. Advanced Life Support Group. Advanced Paediatric Life Support: A Practical Approach to Emergencies. 6. Auflage. Wiley-Blackwell 2016.
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Anästhesie in der Geburtshilfe: Analgesie, Sectio, Blutung und Notfälle Geburtshilfliche Anästhesie

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2. Bauer ME, Arendt K, Beilin Y et al. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology interdisciplinary consensus statement on neuraxial procedures in obstetric patients with thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg 2021;132:1531–1544.
3. Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E et al. The decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:266–273.
4. Heesen M, Carvalho B, Carvalho JCA et al. International consensus statement on the use of uterotonic agents during caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2019;74:1305–1319.
5. Kinsella SM, Carvalho B, Dyer RA et al. International consensus statement on the management of hypotension with vasopressors during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2018;73:71–92.
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8. Mushambi MC, Kinsella SM, Popat M et al. Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association and Difficult Airway Society guidelines for the management of difficult and failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 2015;70:1286–1306.
9. Nathan HL, El Ayadi A, Hezelgrave NL et al. Shock index: an effective predictor of outcome in postpartum haemorrhage? BJOG 2015;122:268–275.
10. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Lancet 2017;389:2105–2116.
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12. Collins PW, Cannings-John R, Bruynseels D et al. Viscoelastometric-guided early fibrinogen concentrate replacement during postpartum haemorrhage: OBS2, a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth 2017;119:411–421.
13. de Lloyd L, Jenkins PV, Bell SF et al. Acute obstetric coagulopathy during postpartum hemorrhage is caused by hyperfibrinolysis and dysfibrinogenemia: an observational cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2023;21(4):862–879.
14. de Lange NM, van Rheenen-Flach LE, Lancé MD et al. Peri-partum reference ranges for ROTEM thromboelastometry. Br J Anaesth 2014;112:852–859.
15. Bell SF, Collis RE, Pallmann P et al. Reduction in massive postpartum haemorrhage and red blood cell transfusion during a national quality improvement project, Obstetric Bleeding Strategy for Wales, OBS Cymru. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021;21:377.
16. Roberts TCD, De Lloyd L, Bell SF et al. Utility of viscoelastography with TEG 6s to direct management of haemostasis during obstetric haemorrhage. Int J Obstet Anesth 2021;47:103192.
17. Gallos I, Devall A, Martin J et al. Randomized trial of early detection and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (E-MOTIVE). N Engl J Med 2023;389:11–21.
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19. World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Genf 2025.
20. European Resuscitation Council. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025: Special circumstances in resuscitation. Resuscitation 2025;215(Suppl 1):110753.

Präeklampsie, Eklampsie und HELLP-Syndrom Geburtshilfliche Anästhesie

1. Magee LA, et al. The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis and management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2022;27:148–169.
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3. Pecks U et al. Hypertensive Erkrankungen in der Schwangerschaft: Diagnostik und Therapie. S2k-Leitlinie DGGG, OEGGG, SGGG, AWMF 015-018, Juni 2024. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2025;85(8):810–850. doi:10.1055/a-2522-2347
4. Bauer ME, et al. Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology consensus statement: neuraxial procedures in obstetric patients with thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg. 2021;132(6):1531–1544.
5. Opichka MA, et al. Vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Cells. 2021;10(11):3055.
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8. Ahmed S, et al. Efficacy and safety of norepinephrine versus phenylephrine for post-spinal hypotension in preeclamptic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2024;303:91–98.
9. Quist-Nelson J, et al. Early magnesium discontinuation postpartum and eclampsia risk. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2024;37:101141.
10. Adorno M, Maher-Griffiths C, Abadie HRG. HELLP syndrome. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2022;34(3):277–288.
11. Mossayebi MH, et al. HELLP syndrome at less than 23 weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2023;229(5):502–515.e10.

Schockformen, Volumen- und Katecholamintherapie Intensivmedizin

1. Monnet X, Messina A, Greco M, et al. ESICM guidelines on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring 2025. Intensive Care Med 2025; 51:1971–2012. doi:10.1007/s00134-025-08137-z
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4. Ostermann M, Alshamsi F, Artigas Raventos A, et al. ESICM clinical practice guideline on fluid therapy in adult critically ill patients, part 3: fluid removal at de-escalation phase. Intensive Care Med 2025.
5. Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 2023; 27:80.
6. Muraro A, Worm M, Alviani C, et al. EAACI guidelines: anaphylaxis (2021 update). Allergy 2022; 77:357–377.
7. Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T, et al. Leitlinie zu Akuttherapie und Management der Anaphylaxie, Update 2021. Allergo J Int 2021; 30:1–25.
8. Meyhoff TS, Hjortrup PB, Wetterslev J, et al. Restriction of intravenous fluid in ICU patients with septic shock (CLASSIC). N Engl J Med 2022; 386:2459–2470.
9. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PETAL Network; Shapiro NI, Douglas IS, Brower RG, et al. Early restrictive or liberal fluid management for sepsis-induced hypotension (CLOVERS). N Engl J Med 2023; 388:499–510.
10. Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, et al. Balanced multielectrolyte solution versus saline in critically ill adults (PLUS). N Engl J Med 2022; 386:815–826.
11. ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-2 Investigators; Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón GA, Kattan E, et al. Personalized hemodynamic resuscitation targeting capillary refill time in early septic shock. JAMA 2025; 334:1988–1999.
12. Møller JE, Engstrøm T, Jensen LO, et al. Microaxial flow pump or standard care in infarct-related cardiogenic shock (DanGer Shock). N Engl J Med 2024; 390:1382–1393.
13. Thiele H, Zeymer U, Akin I, et al. Extracorporeal life support in infarct-related cardiogenic shock (ECLS-SHOCK). N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1286–1297.
14. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016; 315:801–810.
15. Hernández G, Ospina-Tascón GA, Damiani LP, et al. Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels (ANDROMEDA-SHOCK). JAMA 2019; 321:654–664.

Gefäßzugänge mit Ultraschall: von der peripheren Vene bis zur ECMO-Kanüle Intensivmedizin

1. Mäcken T. Periphere Venenpunktion mit Ultraschall. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
2. Mäcken T. ECMO-Kanülierung: Punktion mit Ultraschall. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
3. Haas A, Busjahn C, Crede D, et al. Extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung und Hämodynamik. Anaesthesiologie 2022;71:967–982.
4. Cheney AE, McCabe JM. Alternative percutaneous access for large bore devices. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2019;12:e007707.
5. Moussa MD, Beyls C, Lamer A, et al. Axillary versus femoral arterial cannulation during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022;36:1–9.
6. Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Tachibana K, et al. Ultrasound-guided short-axis out-of-plane approach with or without dynamic needle tip positioning for arterial line insertion in children: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2023;42:101206.
7. Wu G, Chen C, Gu X, et al. Ultrasound-guided dynamic needle-tip positioning method is superior to conventional palpation and ultrasound method in arterial catheterization. J Clin Med 2022;11:6539.
8. Liang Y, Liu P, Wei C, et al. Ultrasound-guided modified dynamic needle tip positioning technique for distal radial artery catheterization: a randomized controlled trial. J Vasc Access 2024. doi:10.1177/11297298241270537.
9. Lamperti M, Biasucci DG, Disma N, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care guidelines on peri-operative use of ultrasound for vascular access. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2020;37:344–376.
10. Brass P, Hellmich M, Kolodziej L, et al. Ultrasound guidance versus anatomical landmarks for internal jugular vein catheterization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;1:CD006962.
11. Tse A, Schick MA. Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous access. StatPearls, aktualisierte Fassung 2024.
12. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO general guidelines for all ECLS cases, Fassung 2024.

Invasive Prozeduren auf der Intensivstation: Katheter, Pleura, Bronchoskopie und Tracheotomie Intensivmedizin

1. Patel IJ, Rahim S, Davidson JC et al. Society of Interventional Radiology consensus guidelines for the periprocedural management of thrombotic and bleeding risk in patients undergoing percutaneous image-guided interventions. Part II: recommendations. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019;30:1168–1184.
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5. Mimoz O, Lucet JC, Kerforne T et al. Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone iodine-alcohol, with and without skin scrubbing, for prevention of intravascular-catheter-related infection (CLEAN). Lancet 2015;386:2069–2077.
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7. Lamperti M, Biasucci DG, Disma N et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology guidelines on peri-operative use of ultrasound-guided for vascular access (PERSEUS vascular access). Eur J Anaesthesiol 2020;37:344–376.
8. Parienti JJ, Mongardon N, Mégarbane B et al. Intravascular complications of central venous catheterization by insertion site. N Engl J Med 2015;373:1220–1229.
9. Peres PW. Positioning central venous catheters: a prospective survey. Anaesth Intensive Care 1990;18:536–539.
10. Slogoff S, Keats AS, Arlund C. On the safety of radial artery cannulation. Anesthesiology 1983;59:42–47.
11. Roberts ME, Rahman NM, Maskell NA et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for pleural disease. Thorax 2023;78(Suppl 3):s1–s42.
12. Balik M, Plasil P, Waldauf P et al. Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:318–321.
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16. McGrath BA, Bates L, Atkinson D, Moore JA. Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of tracheostomy and laryngectomy airway emergencies. Anaesthesia 2012;67:1025–1041.
17. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Intensivmedizin für das PJ: Sepsis, Polytrauma, Beatmung, Katecholamine Intensivmedizin

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ECMO-Grundlagen: Prinzip, Indikationen und Management Intensivmedizin

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Akute Pankreatitis: Diagnose, Schweregrad, Volumen, Ernährung und Nekrosen Intensivmedizin

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ECMO Intensivmedizin

1. Hill JD et al. Prolonged extracorporeal oxygenation for acute post-traumatic respiratory failure (shock-lung syndrome). N Engl J Med 1972; 286:629.
2. Bartlett RH et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cardiopulmonary support in infancy. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1976; 22:80.
3. Gattinoni L et al. Low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA 1986; 256:881.
4. Peek GJ et al. (CESAR). Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure. Lancet 2009; 374:1351.
5. Combes A et al. (EOLIA). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1965.
6. Grasselli G et al. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:727.
7. Ostadal P et al. (ECMO-CS). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the therapy of cardiogenic shock. Circulation 2023; 147:454.
8. Thiele H et al. (ECLS-SHOCK). Extracorporeal life support in infarct-related cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1286.
9. Karagiannidis C et al. Complete countrywide mortality in COVID patients receiving ECMO in Germany throughout the first three waves of the pandemic. Crit Care 2021; 25:413.
10. Fichtner F et al. S3-Leitlinie Invasive Beatmung und Einsatz extrakorporaler Verfahren bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz. AWMF 001/021.

Sepsis Intensivmedizin

1. Rehberg S et al. Landiolol for heart rate control in patients with septic shock and persistent tachycardia (Landi-SEP). Intensive Care Med 2024; 50:1622.
2. Whitehouse T et al. Landiolol and organ failure in patients with septic shock (STRESS-L). JAMA 2023; 330:1641.
3. Morelli A et al. Effect of heart rate control with esmolol on hemodynamic and clinical outcomes in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2013; 310:1683.
4. Morelli A et al. Br J Anaesth 2020; 125:1018.
5. Duska F et al. Intensive Care Med 2024; 50 (Editorial zu Landi-SEP).
6. Rudiger A, Singer M. Mechanisms of sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1599.
7. Andreis DT, Singer M. Catecholamines for inflammatory shock: a Jekyll-and-Hyde conundrum. Intensive Care Med 2016; 42:1387.
8. Van Gelder IC et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:3314.
9. Fleischmann-Struzek C et al. Epidemiology and costs of postsepsis morbidity, nursing care dependency, and mortality in Germany, 2013 to 2017. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2134290.
10. Schwitzer E et al. Survival ≠ recovery: a narrative review of post-intensive care syndrome. CHEST Crit Care 2023; 1:100003.
11. Kersten A. Intensiv-News Heft 2; 2024.

Albumin im septischen Schock Intensivmedizin

1. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2247–2256.
2. SAFE Study Investigators; Finfer S, McEvoy S, Bellomo R, et al. Impact of albumin compared to saline on organ function and mortality of patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37:86–96.
3. Charpentier J, Mira JP. Efficacy and tolerance of hyperoncotic albumin administration in septic shock patients: the EARSS study. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37(Suppl 1):S115.
4. Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S, et al. Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock (ALBIOS). N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1412–1421.
5. Caironi P, Tognoni G, Gattinoni L, et al. Septic shock 3 versus 2: an analysis of the ALBIOS study. Crit Care 2018; 22:237.
6. Gray AJ, Oatey K, Grahamslaw J, et al. Albumin versus balanced crystalloid for the early resuscitation of sepsis (ABC Sepsis). Crit Care Med 2024; 52:1520–1532.
7. Williams JM, Greenslade JH, Hills AZ, Ray MT. Intervention with concentrated albumin for undifferentiated sepsis in the emergency department (ICARUS ED). Ann Emerg Med 2025; 86:59–69.
8. Sakr Y, Nierhaus A, Schumacher U, et al. Albumin replacement therapy in septic shock: a randomized clinical trial (ARISS). JAMA Netw Open 2026; 9:e2559297.
9. Mendes H, Wen HK, de Souza H, et al. Mortality effect of albumin fluid resuscitation in adults with septic shock: a systematic review and dual frequentist Bayesian meta-analysis of randomised trials. Crit Care 2026; 30:372.
10. Prescott HC, Antonelli M, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026. Crit Care Med 2026.
11. Klinkmann G, Boss K, Brabandt S; ALBUNET. Albumin im Fokus: neue Perspektiven für die klinische Anwendung in der Intensivmedizin. Die Anaesthesiologie 2026; 75:607–617.
12. Klinkmann G, Waterstradt K, Klammt S, et al. Exploring albumin functionality assays: a pilot study on sepsis evaluation in intensive care medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12551.
13. Erstad BL. Introduction to the concept of effective albumin concentration. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2025; 82:5–11.
14. Klinkmann G, Klammt S, Jäschke M, et al. Impact of albumin binding function on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide. Medicina 2022; 58:1780.
15. van Gelder MK, Abrahams AC, Joles JA, Kaysen GA, Gerritsen KGF. Albumin handling in different hemodialysis modalities. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 33:906–913.
16. Ward RA, Beck W, Bernardo AA, Alves FC, Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B. Hypoalbuminemia: a price worth paying for improved dialytic removal of middle-molecular-weight uremic toxins? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 34:901–907.

Hämotherapie und Transfusion: Indikation, Durchführung, Reaktionen und Massivtransfusion Intensivmedizin

1. Bundesärztekammer. Querschnitts-Leitlinien zur Therapie mit Blutkomponenten und Plasmaderivaten, Gesamtnovelle 2020. Dtsch Arztebl 2020;117(40).
2. Bundesärztekammer. Richtlinie zur Gewinnung von Blut und Blutbestandteilen und zur Anwendung von Blutprodukten (Richtlinie Hämotherapie), aktuelle Fassung.
3. Transfusionsgesetz (TFG), aktuelle Fassung.
4. Bourke DL, Smith TC. Estimating allowable hemodilution. Anesthesiology 1974;41:609–612.
5. Carson JL, Brooks MM, Hébert PC et al. Restrictive or liberal transfusion strategy in myocardial infarction and anemia (MINT). N Engl J Med 2023;389:2446–2456.
6. CRASH-2 trial collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage. Lancet 2010;376:23–32.
7. Gross JB. Estimating allowable blood loss: corrected for dilution. Anesthesiology 1983;58:277–280.
8. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care (TRICC). N Engl J Med 1999;340:409–417.
9. Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio (PROPPR). JAMA 2015;313:471–482.
10. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J et al. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock (TRISS). N Engl J Med 2014;371:1381–1391.
11. Mazer CD, Whitlock RP, Fergusson DA et al. Restrictive or liberal red-cell transfusion for cardiac surgery (TRICS-III). N Engl J Med 2017;377:2133–2144.
12. Meybohm P, Herrmann E, Steinbicker AU et al. Patient blood management is associated with a substantial reduction of red blood cell utilization and safe for patient’s outcome. Ann Surg 2016;264:203–211.
13. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Antimikrobielle Therapie Intensivmedizin

1. Brinkmann et al., 2024, S. 52 bis 57 (im Repetitorium als Kurzbeleg zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
2. Gude, 2024, S. 2 bis 14 (im Repetitorium als Kurzbeleg zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
3. Gude, Manuskript Antibiotic Stewardship, Version 1, S. 2 bis 11 (unveröffentlicht).
4. GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019. Lancet 2022; 400:2221.
5. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019. Lancet 2022; 399:629.
6. Rice LB. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1079.
7. Tamma PD et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative infections. Clin Infect Dis 2024.
8. Dulhunty JM et al. (BLING III). Continuous vs intermittent β-lactam antibiotic infusions in critically ill patients with sepsis. JAMA 2024; 332:629.
9. Abdul-Aziz MH et al. Prolonged vs intermittent infusions of β-lactam antibiotics in adults with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2024; 332:638.
10. Rybak MJ et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020; 77:835.
11. Hagel S et al. (TARGET). Effect of therapeutic drug monitoring-based dose optimization of piperacillin/tazobactam on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2022; 48:311.
12. Pai Mangalore R et al. Beta-lactam antibiotic therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1848.
13. Bloos F et al. (MEDUSA). Impact of compliance with infection management guidelines on outcome in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care 2014; 18:R42.
14. Evans L et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:e1063.
15. Sandiumenge A et al. Therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a patient-based approach based on the ten rules of „The Tarragona Strategy“. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:876.
16. de Jong E et al. (SAPS). Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16:819.
17. de With K et al. S3-Leitlinie Strategien zur Sicherung rationaler Antibiotika-Anwendung im Krankenhaus. AWMF 092-001.

Säure-Basen-Haushalt, Elektrolytstörungen Intensivmedizin

1. Jung B, Jabaudon M, De Jong A, et al. Sodium bicarbonate for severe metabolic acidemia and acute kidney injury: the BICARICU-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2025; 334:2000–2010.
2. Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, et al. Balanced multielectrolyte solution versus saline in critically ill adults (PLUS). N Engl J Med 2022; 386:815–826.
3. Prescott HC, Antonelli M, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines 2026. Crit Care Med 2026; 54:725–812.
4. UK Kidney Association. Clinical practice guideline: management of hyperkalaemia in adults. 2023.
5. Sterns RH, Rondon-Berrios H, Adrogué HJ, et al. Treatment guidelines for hyponatremia: stay the course. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 19:129–135.
6. Systematischer Review und Metaanalyse: Hyponatremia correction and osmotic demyelination syndrome risk. Kidney Med 2024 (Suche bis Januar 2024, 11 Kohorten).
7. Reis et al. Overcorrection of severe hyponatremia, osmotic demyelination syndrome, and mortality. Braz J Nephrol 2026.
8. Jaber S, Paugam C, Futier E, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy for patients with severe metabolic acidaemia in the intensive care unit (BICAR-ICU). Lancet 2018; 392:31–40.
9. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:G1–G47.

Ernährung auf der Intensivstation Intensivmedizin

1. Cuthbertson DP. Post-shock metabolic response. Lancet 1942; 239:433.
2. Hasselgren PO et al. 1988 (im Repetitorium zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
3. Bjerke HS et al. Am Surg 1992 (im Repetitorium zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
4. Van den Berghe G et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1359.
5. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1283.
6. Casaer MP et al. (EPaNIC). Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:506.
7. Delgado 2013, PLoS One (im Repetitorium zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
8. Stapel SN et al. Ventilator-derived carbon dioxide production to assess energy expenditure in critically ill patients: proof of concept. Crit Care 2015; 19:370.
9. Fivez T et al. (PEPaNIC). Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill children. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1111.
10. Kappelman J et al. Perimortem fractures in Lucy suggest mortality from fall out of tall tree. Nature 2016; 537:503.
11. Oshima T et al. Clin Nutr 2017 (im Repetitorium zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
12. Allingstrup MJ et al. (EAT-ICU). Early goal-directed nutrition versus standard of care in adult intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43:1637.
13. Elke G et al. DGEM-Leitlinie Klinische Ernährung in der Intensivmedizin. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2018; 43:341.
14. Cederholm T et al. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition: a consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:1.
15. Singer P et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:48; Update Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1671.
16. van Zanten ARH et al. Nutrition therapy and critical illness: practical guidance for the ICU, post-ICU, and long-term convalescence phases. Crit Care 2019; 23:368.
17. Schuetz P et al. (EFFORT). Individualised nutritional support in medical inpatients at nutritional risk. Lancet 2019; 393:2312.
18. Fischer A et al. 2021, Eur J Clin Nutr (im Repetitorium zitiert; vollständige Angabe folgt).
19. Heyland DK et al. (EFFORT Protein). The effect of higher protein dosing in critically ill patients with high nutritional risk. Lancet Respir Med 2023; 11:602.
20. Fukushima R, Compher CW, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, McKeever L, Nakamura K, et al. Clin Nutr 2025, online vor Druck (Anleitung der GLIM Working Group für kritisch Kranke).
21. Evans L et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2021. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:e1063.

Spezielle Krankheitsbilder Intensivmedizin

1. Podda M et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg 2024; 19:30.
2. Rao P et al. Pancreatology 2023; 23:306.
3. Patoni C et al. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1241301.
4. Lu XS et al. Low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Asian J Surg 2009; 32:89.
5. Patil B et al. Int J Surg 2022; 101:106621.
6. Cuthbertson CM, Christophi C. Disturbances of the microcirculation in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2006; 93:518.
7. Beyer G et al. S3-Leitlinie Pankreatitis. Z Gastroenterol 2022; 60:419.
8. Tenner S et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2024; 119:419.
9. Jaber S et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis, 2021. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2022; 41:101060.
10. ATTACC, ACTIV-4a and REMAP-CAP Investigators. Therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin in noncritically ill and in critically ill patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:790 und 777.
11. Kersten A. Intensiv-News Heft 2; 2024.

Delirmanagement Intensivmedizin

1. DGAI, DIVI. S3-Leitlinie Analgesie, Sedierung und Delirmanagement in der Intensivmedizin (DAS-Leitlinie 2020/2021). AWMF-Registernummer 001-012.
2. Aldecoa C, Bettelli G, Bilotta F, et al. Update of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine evidence-based and consensus-based guideline on postoperative delirium in adult patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024; 41:81–108.
3. Andersen-Ranberg NC, Poulsen LM, Perner A, et al. Haloperidol for the treatment of delirium in ICU patients (AID-ICU). N Engl J Med 2022; 387:2425–2435.
4. Andersen-Ranberg NC, Barbateskovic M, Perner A, et al. Haloperidol vs placebo for the treatment of delirium in ICU patients: a pre-planned secondary Bayesian analysis of the AID-ICU trial. Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:411–420.
5. Hughes CG, Mailloux PT, Devlin JW, et al. Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis (MENDS2). N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1424–1436.
6. Walsh TS, Parker RA, Aitken LM, et al. Dexmedetomidine- or clonidine-based sedation compared with propofol in critically ill patients: the A2B randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2025; 333:2004–2016.
7. Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU (PADIS). Crit Care Med 2018; 46:e825–e873.
8. Girard TD, Exline MC, Carson SS, et al. Haloperidol and ziprasidone for treatment of delirium in critical illness (MIND-USA). N Engl J Med 2018; 379:2506–2516.

Betreuung nach der Intensivstation Intensivmedizin

1. Sharshar T et al. (Suivi-Reha). Post-intensive care multidisciplinary consultation and outcomes at 12 months. Intensive Care Med 2024; 50:665.
2. Needham DM et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:502.
3. Herridge MS et al. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1293.
4. Pun BT et al. Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle. Crit Care Med 2019; 47:3.
5. Harvey MA, Davidson JE. Postintensive care syndrome: right care, right now … and later. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:381.
6. Sevin CM et al. Comprehensive care of ICU survivors: development and implementation of an ICU recovery center. Crit Care Med 2018; 46:141.
7. Haines KJ et al. Crit Care Med 2020; 48:1871.
8. Schwitzer E et al. Survival ≠ recovery: a narrative review of post-intensive care syndrome. CHEST Crit Care 2023; 1:100003.
9. Skivington K et al. A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions. BMJ 2021; 374:n2061.
10. Kersten A. Intensiv-News Heft 2; 2024.

Intensiv-News: Inflammation, ARDS, Ernährung, Delir Intensivmedizin

1. ARDS Definition Taskforce; JAMA 2012; 307:2526
2. AVERT Trial Collaboration group; Lancet 2015; 386:46
3. Azoulay E; Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:987
4. Bain CR; Anaesthesia 2023; 78:1365-1375
5. Biermann A; Anaesthesist 2016; 65:663
6. Bosma S. and Christopher R.; Critical Care Nurse 2023; 43:36-45
7. Brummel NE; Intensive Care Med 2014; 40:370
8. Carrara M; Ann Intensive Care 2021; 11:80
9. Chandel A; Crit Care Explor 2023; 5:e0876
10. Claridge JA; Surg Infect [Larchmt] 2007; 8:83
11. Combes A; N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1965
12. Cook D; Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:271
13. Eggmann S; PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262779
14. Ehrmann S, Barbier F, Demiselle J, et al. for the CRICS-TRIGGERSEP F-CRIN Research Networks; N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2052-2062
15. Fichtner F; Respiration 2019; 98:357
16. Fleischmann-Struzek C; Dtsch Arztebl Int 2019; 116:653
17. Friedrichson B; Crit Care 2021; 25:38
18. Girard TD; Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6:213
19. Grasselli G, Calfee CS, et al for the Europ. Soc. of Intensive Care Medicine Taskforce on ARDS; Intensive Care Med 2023; 49:727-759
20. Hata JS; J Intensive Care Med 2014; 29:348
21. Hermes, C; Monitoring: Mehr als Werte protokollieren; PflegenIntensiv 2011; 2, 1-7
22. Huang SW; Nutrients 2022; 14:4395
23. The 3 Wishes Project, https://3wishesproject.com
24. Iguchi S; Chem Pharm Bull 1992; 40:1462
25. Kakihana Y; Lancet Resp Med 2020; 8:863
26. Karvouniaris M; Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1732
27. Klastersky J; Chest 1974; 65:650
28. Landais M; Lancet Respir Med 2023; 11:319
29. Lode H; Intensive Care Med 1992; 18 Suppl 1:S24
30. Lo SC; Sci Rep 2022; 12:12044
31. Lyons KA; JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26:209
32. Matejovic M; Crit Care 2022; 26:143
33. Matthay MA; AJRCCM 2023; e-pub
34. McWilliams DJ; EClinicalMedicine 2023; 62:102101
35. Morelli A; JAMA 2013; 310:1683
36. Morris PE; JAMA 2016; 315:2694
37. Neville TH; J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:115
38. Needham DM; Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:536
39. Nydahl P; Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2023; 74:103334
40. Nydahl P; Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2023; 118:660
41. Nydahl P; Nurs Crit Care 2022; 27:519
42. O‘Meara D; Am J Crit Care 2008; 17:53
43. Ormseth CH; JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2249950
44. Papazian L; Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:888
45. Papazian L; N Engl J Med 2010; 363:1107
46. Peterson SJ; J Am Diet Assoc 2010; 110:427
47. Povoa FCC; J Crit Care 2018; 43:240
48. Prudovsky I; J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19121
49. Rouby J J; Intensive Care Med 1994; 20:187
50. Rudiger A; Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1599
51. Sabo B; Online J Issues Nurs 2011; 16:1
52. Santosh RK; Cureus 2023; 15:e41949
53. Schaller SJ; Lancet 2016; 388:1377
54. Schneider JA; Crit Care Med 2009; 37:2299
55. Schwartz A; J Critical Care Med 2015; 1:140
56. Schweickert WD; Lancet 2009; 373:1874
57. Singer M; Lancet 2007; 370:636
58. Smith M; Intensive Care Med 2017; 43:870
59. Stajduhar KI; Soc Sci Med 2008; 67:1789
60. Statistisches Bundesamt www.destatis.de
61. US Department of Veterans Affairs Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion; 2020
62. Varghese JA; J Crit Care 2022; 72:154144
63. Wang YT; Crit Care 2014; 18:R161
64. Whitehouse T; JAMA 2023; 330:1641
65. Wilson JE; Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:90
66. Wood GC; Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22:972
67. Yang Y; Crit Care 2013; 17:R205
68. Landais M et al. (Ambroisie-Projekt). Continued enteral nutrition until extubation compared with fasting before extubation in patients in the intensive care unit. Lancet Respir Med 2023; 11:319.
69. Ehrmann S et al. (AMIKINHAL). Inhaled amikacin to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2052.

Organisation, Recht, Ausrüstung und Übergabe im Rettungsdienst Notfallmedizin

1. Gesetz über den Rettungsdienst sowie die Notfallrettung und den Krankentransport durch Unternehmer (Rettungsgesetz NRW), aktuelle Fassung.
2. Gesetz über den Beruf der Notfallsanitäterin und des Notfallsanitäters (Notfallsanitätergesetz, NotSanG) vom 22. Mai 2013, zuletzt geändert, einschließlich § 2a.
3. Bundesärztekammer. (Muster-)Berufsordnung für die in Deutschland tätigen Ärztinnen und Ärzte, § 10; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch § 630f.
4. DIN EN 1789 Rettungsdienstfahrzeuge und deren Ausrüstung; DIN 75079 Notarzt-Einsatzfahrzeuge, jeweils aktuelle Fassung.
5. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF-Registernummer 187-023, Fassung 2022.

Einsatztaktik: Unfallort, Luftrettung, technische Rettung und Massenanfall Notfallmedizin

1. Kanz KG, Hornburger P, Kay MV et al. mSTaRT-Algorithmus für Sichtung, Behandlung und Transport bei einem Massenanfall von Verletzten. Notfall Rettungsmed 2006;9:264–270.
2. Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe. Protokolle der Konsensus-Konferenzen zur Sichtung, aktuelle Fassungen.
3. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. Terror and Disaster Surgical Care (TDSC), Empfehlungen zur Versorgung bei Terroranschlägen, aktuelle Fassung.
4. Feuerwehr-Dienstvorschriften und Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Leiter der Berufsfeuerwehren zur technischen Rettung, aktuelle Fassungen.
5. Europäisches Übereinkommen über die internationale Beförderung gefährlicher Güter auf der Straße (ADR), aktuelle Fassung.

Tod, Patientenwille und Ethik im Notarztdienst Notfallmedizin

1. Gesetz über das Friedhofs- und Bestattungswesen (Bestattungsgesetz NRW), § 9, aktuelle Fassung.
2. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch §§ 1827 bis 1829 (Patientenverfügung, Behandlungswünsche, mutmaßlicher Wille) in der Fassung ab 2023; § 630d (Einwilligung).
3. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Ethics in Resuscitation and End of Life Decisions. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
4. Madea B (Hrsg.). Die ärztliche Leichenschau: Rechtsgrundlagen, praktische Durchführung, Problemlösungen. Springer, aktuelle Auflage.

Atemwegsmanagement im Rettungsdienst Notfallmedizin

1. Timmermann A, Böttiger BW, Byhahn C et al. S1-Leitlinie Prähospitales Atemwegsmanagement (Kurzfassung). Anästh Intensivmed 2019;60:316–336. AWMF 001-040.
2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023. AWMF-Registernummer 001-028.
3. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1:110769.
4. O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax 2017;72(Suppl 1):ii1–ii90.
5. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin. S3-Leitlinie Nichtinvasive Beatmung als Therapie der akuten respiratorischen Insuffizienz. AWMF-Registernummer 020-004, aktuelle Fassung.
6. Joffe AM, Hetzel S, Liew EC. A two-handed jaw-thrust technique is superior to the one-handed “EC-clamp” technique for mask ventilation in the apneic unconscious person. Anesthesiology 2010;113:873–879.
7. Gibbs KW, Semler MW, Driver BE et al. Noninvasive ventilation for preoxygenation during emergency intubation. N Engl J Med 2024;390:2165–2177.
8. Reed MJ, Dunn MJG, McKeown DW. Can an airway assessment score predict difficulty at intubation in the emergency department? Emerg Med J 2005;22:99–102.
9. Prekker ME, Driver BE, Trent SA et al. Video versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2023;389:418–429.
10. Mort TC. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesth Analg 2004;99:607–613.
11. Knill RL. Difficult laryngoscopy made easy with a “BURP”. Can J Anaesth 1993;40:279–282.
12. Birenbaum A, Hajage D, Roche S et al. Effect of cricoid pressure compared with a sham procedure in the rapid sequence induction of anesthesia: the IRIS randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 2019;154:9–17.
13. Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG et al. Intubation practices and adverse peri-intubation events in critically ill patients from 29 countries. JAMA 2021;325:1164–1172.
14. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF et al. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth 2015;115:827–848.

Analgesie, Sedierung, Narkose und Beatmung im Rettungsdienst Notfallmedizin

1. Bernhard M, Bein B, Böttiger BW et al. Handlungsempfehlung Prähospitale Notfallnarkose beim Erwachsenen. AWMF-Registernummer 001-030, aktuelle Fassung.
2. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE et al. Ketamine or etomidate for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2511420.
3. Casey JD, Janz DR, Russell DW et al. Bag-mask ventilation during tracheal intubation of critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2019;380:811–821.
4. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2023;44:3720–3826.
5. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery 2017;80:6–15.
6. Tran DT, Newton EK, Mount VA et al. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(10):CD002788.
7. Borland M, Jacobs I, King B, O’Brien D. A randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal fentanyl to intravenous morphine for managing acute pain in children in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49:335–340.
8. Guay J, Kopp S. Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;11:CD001159.
9. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301–1308.
10. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, aktuelle Fassung.
11. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Paediatric Life Support. Resuscitation 2025.

Reanimation: Basismaßnahmen und erweiterte Maßnahmen nach ERC 2025 Notfallmedizin

1. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1:110769.
2. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Adult Basic Life Support; Special Circumstances; Post-Resuscitation Care (mit ESICM); Paediatric Life Support; Ethics. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
3. Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Drennan IR et al. Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1947–1956.
4. Perkins GD, Ji C, Deakin CD et al. A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2018;379:711–721.
5. Couper K, Ji C, Deakin CD et al. A randomized trial of drug route in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (PARAMEDIC-3). N Engl J Med 2025.
6. Vallentin MF, Granfeldt A, Klitgaard TL et al. Intraosseous or intravenous vascular access for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (IVIO). N Engl J Med 2025.
7. Böttiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA et al. Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2651–2662.
8. Dankiewicz J, Cronberg T, Lilja G et al. Hypothermia versus normothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2283–2294.
9. Kjaergaard J, Møller JE, Schmidt H et al. Blood-pressure targets in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1456–1466.

ACLS und BLS, Atemwegsmanagement im Notfall Notfallmedizin

1. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2025: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2025; 215:110769.
2. Smyth MA, van Goor S, Hansen CM, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2025: adult basic life support. Resuscitation 2025; 215:110771.
3. Rott N, Dirks B, Böttiger BW, et al. Die neuen ERC-Leitlinien 2025: die wichtigsten Änderungen im Überblick. Die Anaesthesiologie 2025.
4. Cheskes S, Verbeek PR, Drennan IR, et al. Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation (DOSE-VF). N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1947–1956.

Akutes Koronarsyndrom, akute Herzinsuffizienz und Lungenembolie Notfallmedizin

1. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2023;44:3720–3826.
2. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3599–3726.
3. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2020;41:543–603.
4. van der Pol LM, Tromeur C, Bistervels IM et al. Pregnancy-adapted YEARS algorithm for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1139–1149.
5. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Eur Heart J 2019;40:237–269.

Herzinsuffizienz, Aortendissektion, hypertensive Notfälle und Rhythmusstörungen Notfallmedizin

1. Mazzolai L, Teixido-Tura G, Lanzi S et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases. Eur Heart J 2024;45:3538–3700.
2. McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J 2024;45:3912–4018.
3. Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2024;45:3314–3414.
4. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1883–1948.
5. Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J 2020;41:655–720.
6. Appelboam A, Reuben A, Mann C et al. Postural modification to the standard Valsalva manoeuvre for emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardias (REVERT). Lancet 2015;386:1747–1753.
7. Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A et al. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1305–1316.
8. Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y et al. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2013;368:2355–2365.
9. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Adult Advanced Life Support, Periarrest-Rhythmusstörungen. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.

Leitsymptom Thoraxschmerz: Differenzialdiagnosen im Notfall Notfallmedizin

1. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2023;44:3720–3826.
2. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2020;41:543–603.
3. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost 2000;83:416–420.
4. Roberts ME, Rahman NM, Maskell NA et al. British Thoracic Society guideline for pleural disease. Thorax 2023;78(Suppl 3):s1–s42.
5. Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2921–2964.
6. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1:110769.

Respiratorische Notfälle bei Erwachsenen und Kindern Notfallmedizin

1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2025 Report.
2. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, aktuelle Fassung.
3. O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax 2017;72(Suppl 1):ii1–ii90.
4. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Basic Life Support und Paediatric Life Support (Fremdkörperverlegung). Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
5. Ewig S, Kolditz M, Pletz M et al. Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit ambulant erworbener Pneumonie, Update 2021. S3-Leitlinie. Pneumologie 2021;75:665–729.
6. Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC et al. Clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 2014;134:e1474–e1502.
7. Anseeuw K, Delvau N, Burillo-Putze G et al. Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a European expert consensus. Eur J Emerg Med 2013;20:2–9.

Leitsymptom Dyspnoe: Einordnen und Behandeln Notfallmedizin

1. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3599–3726.
2. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2020;41:543–603.
3. Ewig S, Kolditz M, Pletz M et al. Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit ambulant erworbener Pneumonie, Update 2021. S3-Leitlinie. Pneumologie 2021;75:665–729.
4. Wiendl H, Meisel A et al. Diagnostik und Therapie myasthener Syndrome, S2k-Leitlinie. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, aktuelle Fassung.
5. Killip T, Kimball JT. Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit: a two year experience with 250 patients. Am J Cardiol 1967;20:457–464.

Gastrointestinale und metabolische Notfälle Notfallmedizin

1. de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G et al. Baveno VII: renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2022;76:959–974.
2. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA et al. Hyperglycemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care 2024;47:1257–1275.
3. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1:110769.
4. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Special Circumstances, Hyperkaliämie. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
5. Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:364–389.
6. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2016;26:1343–1421.

Geriatrische Notfälle: alt, vielfach krank, oft untypisch Notfallmedizin

1. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DHJ et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening. Age Ageing 2014;43:496–502.
2. Mann NK, Mathes T, Sönnichsen A et al. Potentially inadequate medications in the elderly: PRISCUS 2.0. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2023;120:3–10.
3. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Ethics in Resuscitation and End of Life Decisions. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
4. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF-Registernummer 187-023, Fassung 2022.
5. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ 2005;173:489–495.

Schädel-Hirn- und Wirbelsäulentrauma Notfallmedizin

1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF-Registernummer 187-023, Fassung 2022.
2. Carney N, Totten AM, O’Reilly C et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery 2017;80:6–15.
3. CRASH trial collaborators. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury. Lancet 2004;364:1321–1328.
4. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen K et al. The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. Lancet 2001;357:1391–1396.
5. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL et al. The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA 2001;286:1841–1848.
6. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB et al. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. N Engl J Med 2000;343:94–99.
7. Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS et al. Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma. Lancet 2009;374:1160–1170.
8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. NICE guideline NG232, 2023.
9. Walters BC, Hadley MN, Hurlbert RJ et al. Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update. Neurosurgery 2013;60 Suppl 1:82–91.
10. Fehlings MG, Vaccaro A, Wilson JR et al. Early versus delayed decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: results of the Surgical Timing in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (STASCIS). PLoS One 2012;7:e32037.

Thorax- und Abdominaltrauma Notfallmedizin

1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF-Registernummer 187-023, Fassung 2022.
2. Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 2023;27:80.
3. American College of Surgeons. Advanced Trauma Life Support, Student Course Manual, 10. Auflage. Chicago 2018.
4. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
5. Roberts I, Shakur H, Afolabi A et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:1096–1101.
6. Laan DV, Vu TD, Thiels CA et al. Chest wall thickness and decompression failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing anatomic locations in needle thoracostomy. Injury 2016;47:797–804.
7. Kulvatunyou N, Joseph B, Friese RS et al. 14 French pigtail catheters placed by surgeons to drain blood on trauma patients: is 14-Fr too small? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;73:1423–1427.

Extremitäten- und Beckentrauma Notfallmedizin

1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF-Registernummer 187-023, Fassung 2022.
2. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 2023;27:80.
3. Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG et al. Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Ann Surg 2009;249:1–7.
4. CRASH-2 collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2). Lancet 2010;376:23–32.
5. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support, Student Course Manual. 10. Auflage, Chicago 2018.

Polytrauma: Erkennen, Priorisieren, Transportieren Notfallmedizin

1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma/Schwerverletzten-Behandlung. AWMF-Registernummer 187-023, Fassung 2022.
2. Pape HC, Lefering R, Butcher N et al. The definition of polytrauma revisited: an international consensus process and proposal of the new “Berlin definition”. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014;77:780–786.
3. Baker SP, O’Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma 1974;14:187–196.
4. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 2023;27:80.
5. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2018;378:829–839.
6. Huber-Wagner S, Lefering R, Qvick LM et al. Effect of whole-body CT during trauma resuscitation on survival: a retrospective, multicentre study. Lancet 2009;373:1455–1461.
7. Sierink JC, Treskes K, Edwards MJR et al. Immediate total-body CT scanning versus conventional imaging and selective CT scanning in patients with severe trauma (REACT-2). Lancet 2016;388:673–683.
8. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Special Circumstances, traumatischer Kreislaufstillstand. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
9. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support, Student Course Manual. 10. Auflage, Chicago 2018.

Schock im Notfall: erkennen, einordnen, behandeln Notfallmedizin

1. Standl T, Annecke T, Cascorbi I et al. The nomenclature, definition and distinction of types of shock. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018;115:757–768.
2. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med 2021;49:e1063–e1143.
3. Thiele H, Zeymer U, Akin I et al. Extracorporeal life support in infarct-related cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2023;389:1286–1297.
4. Møller JE, Engstrøm T, Jensen LO et al. Microaxial flow pump or standard care in infarct-related cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2024;390:1382–1393.
5. Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 2023;27:80.
6. Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T et al. Guideline (S2k) on acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis: 2021 update. Allergo J Int 2021;30:1–25.
7. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Special Circumstances, Anaphylaxie. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.

Hitze, Kälte, Strom und Wasser: thermische Schäden, Ertrinken, Tauch- und Stromunfall Notfallmedizin

1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verbrennungsmedizin. S2k-Leitlinie Behandlung thermischer Verletzungen im Erwachsenenalter. AWMF-Registernummer 044-001, 2021.
2. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Special Circumstances (Hypothermie, Ertrinken, Stromunfall). Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
3. Paal P, Pasquier M, Darocha T et al. Accidental hypothermia: 2021 update. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:501.
4. Pasquier M, Rousson V, Darocha T et al. Hypothermia outcome prediction after extracorporeal life support for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients: the HOPE score. Resuscitation 2019;139:321–328.
5. Anseeuw K, Delvau N, Burillo-Putze G et al. Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a European expert consensus. Eur J Emerg Med 2013;20:2–9.
6. Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1057–1067.
7. van Beeck EF, Branche CM, Szpilman D et al. A new definition of drowning: towards documentation and prevention of a global public health problem. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:853–856.
8. Gesellschaft für Tauch- und Überdruckmedizin. S2k-Leitlinie Tauchunfall. AWMF-Registernummer 072-001, aktuelle Fassung.
9. American Burn Association. Advanced Burn Life Support Provider Manual. Chicago, aktuelle Fassung.

Schockraumversorgung und Traumamanagement Notfallmedizin

1. Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition. Crit Care 2023; 27:80.
2. Monnet X, Messina A, Greco M, et al. ESICM guidelines on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring 2025. Intensive Care Med 2025; 51:1971–2012.
3. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie. S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma und Behandlung Schwerverletzter (AWMF 187-023); aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
4. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, et al. Ketamine or etomidate for tracheal intubation of critically ill adults (RSI). N Engl J Med 2025.
5. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2025: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2025; 215:110769.

Intoxikationen und Drogennotfälle Notfallmedizin

1. Benson BE, Hoppu K, Troutman WG et al. Position paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol 2013;51:140–146.
2. Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol 2005;43:61–87.
3. Eddleston M, Buckley NA, Eyer P, Dawson AH. Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Lancet 2008;371:597–607.
4. Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ et al. Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1057–1067.
5. Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning Workgroup (EXTRIP). Empfehlungen zu einzelnen Giften, aktuelle Fassungen, www.extrip-workgroup.org.
6. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Special Circumstances, Vergiftungen. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.

Neurologische Notfälle: Schlaganfall, Blutung, Anfall, Meningitis Notfallmedizin

1. Ringleb P, Köhrmann M, Jansen O et al. Akuttherapie des ischämischen Schlaganfalls, S2e-Leitlinie. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie, 2021/2022.
2. Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(9):CD000197.
3. Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 2016;387:1723–1731.
4. Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med 2018;378:11–21.
5. Trinka E, Cock H, Hesdorffer D et al. A definition and classification of status epilepticus: report of the ILAE Task Force. Epilepsia 2015;56:1515–1523.
6. Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2012;366:591–600.
7. Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2103–2113.
8. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. Ambulant erworbene bakterielle Meningoenzephalitis im Erwachsenenalter, S2k-Leitlinie, aktuelle Fassung.
9. Adrion C, Fischer CS, Wagner J et al. Efficacy and safety of betahistine treatment in patients with Menière’s disease: primary results of a long term, multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, dose defining trial (BEMED trial). BMJ 2016;352:h6816.

Psychiatrische und psychosoziale Notfälle, Koma unklarer Ursache Notfallmedizin

1. Gesetz über Hilfen und Schutzmaßnahmen bei psychischen Krankheiten (PsychKG NRW), aktuelle Fassung.
2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde. S3-Leitlinie Verhinderung von Zwang: Prävention und Therapie aggressiven Verhaltens bei Erwachsenen, 2018.
3. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Suchtforschung und Suchttherapie, DGPPN. S3-Leitlinie Screening, Diagnose und Behandlung alkoholbezogener Störungen, aktuelle Fassung.
4. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Ethics in Resuscitation and End of Life Decisions. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
5. Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend. Lebenssituation, Sicherheit und Gesundheit von Frauen in Deutschland, 2004.
6. Hunt WE, Hess RM. Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1968;28:14–20.
7. Rose S, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(2):CD000560.

Notfälle aus Augenheilkunde, HNO, Mund-Kiefer-Gesicht und Urologie Notfallmedizin

1. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF et al. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth 2015;115:827–848.
2. McGrath BA, Bates L, Atkinson D, Moore JA. Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of tracheostomy and laryngectomy airway emergencies. Anaesthesia 2012;67:1025–1041.
3. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on Urolithiasis, Fassung 2024.
4. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on Urological Trauma, aktuelle Fassung.
5. Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft, Berufsverband der Augenärzte. Empfehlungen zur Erstversorgung von Verätzungen und Verbrennungen des Auges, aktuelle Fassung.

Dialysepatienten und mechanische Kreislaufunterstützung: ECMO, ECLS, LVAD Notfallmedizin

1. Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, Murray T, Collins AJ. Long interdialytic interval and mortality among patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1099–1107.
2. Conrad SA, Broman LM, Taccone FS et al. The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Maastricht Treaty for Nomenclature in Extracorporeal Life Support. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;198:447–451.
3. Peberdy MA, Gluck JA, Ornato JP et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults and children with mechanical circulatory support: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017;135:e1115–e1134.
4. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Special Circumstances (Hyperkaliämie, mechanische Kreislaufunterstützung). Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
5. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Leitlinien zur Versorgung von Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung, aktuelle Fassung.

Notfälle in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie Notfallmedizin

1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe. Hypertensive Schwangerschaftserkrankungen: Diagnostik und Therapie, S2k-Leitlinie, AWMF 015-018, aktuelle Fassung.
2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe. Peripartale Blutungen, Diagnostik und Therapie, S2k-Leitlinie, AWMF 015-063, aktuelle Fassung.
3. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN). Lancet 2017;389:2105–2116.
4. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Special Circumstances (Schwangerschaft) und Newborn Resuscitation. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.

Kindernotfälle: vom Neugeborenen bis zum Schulkind Notfallmedizin

1. European Resuscitation Council. Guidelines 2025: Paediatric Life Support und Newborn Resuscitation and Support of Transition of Infants at Birth. Resuscitation 2025;215 Suppl 1.
2. Dieckmann RA, Brownstein D, Gausche-Hill M. The pediatric assessment triangle: a novel approach for the rapid evaluation of children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2010;26:312–315.
3. Advanced Life Support Group. Advanced Paediatric Life Support: A Practical Approach to Emergencies. 6. Auflage, Wiley 2016.
4. Moon RY, Carlin RF, Hand I. Sleep-related infant deaths: updated 2022 recommendations for reducing infant deaths in the sleep environment. Pediatrics 2022;150:e2022057990.
5. Pierce MC, Kaczor K, Lorenz DJ et al. Validation of a clinical decision rule to predict abuse in young children based on bruising characteristics. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e215832.

TTE-Ausbildung: drei Regionen, sieben Schnitte, ein System Notfallmedizin

1. Mäcken T, Rembecki M. Transthorakale Echokardiografie für Anästhesistinnen und Anästhesisten: sieben Schnitte und ein System. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
2. Mäcken T, Rembecki M. Die korrekte parasternale Anlotung und Sondenmanöver. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
3. Mäcken T, Rembecki M. Die korrekte apikale Anlotung: Entwicklung der Schnitte. Radiomegahertz, Blogbeitrag und Podcast, radiomegahertz.de, abgerufen im September 2026.
4. Hagendorff A, Fehske W, Flachskampf FA, et al. Manual zur Indikation und Durchführung der Echokardiographie: Update 2020 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie. Kardiologe 2020;14:396–431.
5. Knierim J, ten Freyhaus H, Magunia H, et al. Transthorakale Echokardiographie. S2k-Leitlinie, AWMF-Register 085-004, Fassung 2025.
6. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2019;32:1–64.
7. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the ASE and the EACVI. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015;28:1–39.
8. Hagendorff A, Stoebe S. Basiswissen Echokardiografie. Elsevier, 2021.
9. Evangelista A, Flachskampf FA, Erbel R, et al. Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11:645–658.
10. McKaigney CJ, Krantz MJ, La Rocque CL, et al. E-point septal separation: a bedside tool for emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Emerg Med 2014;32:493–497.
11. Via G, Hussain A, Wells M, et al. International evidence-based recommendations for focused cardiac ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:683.e1–683.e33.

TTE Modul 2: parasternale Längs- und Kurzachse, Messungen am Gerät Notfallmedizin

1. Kursunterlage: Handbuch strukturierte und fokussierte Echokardiographie, Esaote MyLab25Gold.
2. Lang RM et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:1.
3. Teichholz LE et al. Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37:7.

Multimodale Therapie akuter und chronischer Schmerzen Schmerzmedizin

1. Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft. S3-Leitlinie Langzeitanwendung von Opioiden bei chronischen nicht-tumorbedingten Schmerzen (LONTS), AWMF 145-003; aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
2. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026 (AWMF 128-001OL).
3. DIVI, DGAI und weitere. S3-Leitlinie Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen (AWMF 001-025); aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.

Schmerzmedizin für das PJ: Anamnese, Messung, Schmerzformen, PCA und PDK Schmerzmedizin

1. Pogatzki-Zahn E, et al. S3-Leitlinie Behandlung akuter perioperativer und posttraumatischer Schmerzen, AWMF 001-025, 2021.
2. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:162–173.
3. Bouhassira D, Attal N, Alchaar H, et al. Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain 2005;114:29–36.
4. Häuser W, et al. S3-Leitlinie Langzeitanwendung von Opioiden bei chronischen nicht-tumorbedingten Schmerzen (LONTS), AWMF 145-003, 2020.

Psychologische und physiotherapeutische Schmerzstrategien Schmerzmedizin

1. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Kreuzschmerz; aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
2. Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft. S3-Leitlinie Definition, Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie des Fibromyalgiesyndroms; aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
3. Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft. S3-Leitlinie LONTS (AWMF 145-003); aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.

Kooperation mit spezialisierten Zentren Schmerzmedizin

1. Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft. S3-Leitlinie LONTS (AWMF 145-003); aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.
2. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin, Version 3.0, Juli 2026 (AWMF 128-001OL).

Symptomkontrolle bei unheilbaren Erkrankungen Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026 (AWMF 128-001OL); neue Kapitel zu Angehörigenbetreuung und Spiritualität.
2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin. Informationen zur aktualisierten S3-Leitlinie, Juli 2026.
3. Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft. S3-Leitlinie LONTS (AWMF 145-003); aktuelle Fassung bitte prüfen.

Kommunikation mit Patientinnen, Patienten und Angehörigen Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin, Version 3.0, Juli 2026 (AWMF 128-001OL), Kapitel Kommunikation und Angehörigenbetreuung.
2. Baile WF, Buckman R, Lenzi R, et al. SPIKES: a six-step protocol for delivering bad news. Oncologist 2000; 5:302–311 (Hintergrund, älter als fünf Jahre).

Interprofessionelle Versorgung am Lebensende Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin, Version 3.0, Juli 2026 (AWMF 128-001OL), Kapitel Sterbephase, Angehörigenbetreuung und Spiritualität.
2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin. Hinweise zur aktualisierten S3-Leitlinie, Juli 2026.

Therapiezieländerung und Sterben auf der Intensivstation Palliativmedizin

1. Michalsen A, Neitzke G, Dutzmann J et al. Überversorgung in der Intensivmedizin: erkennen, benennen, vermeiden. Positionspapier der Sektion Ethik der DIVI und der Sektion Ethik der DGIIN. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2021;116:281-294.
2. Jöbges S, Mohr S, Knochel K et al. Zeitlich begrenzter Therapieversuch („time-limited trial“, TLT) auf der Intensivstation. Handlungsempfehlung der Sektion Ethik der DIVI und der Sektion Ethik der DGIIN. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2024;119:291-295.
3. Neitzke G, Böll B, Burchardi H et al. Dokumentation der Therapiebegrenzung. Empfehlung der Sektion Ethik der DIVI unter Mitarbeit der Sektion Ethik der DGIIN. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2017;112:527-530; Ergänzung zum Organspendewunsch: Janssens U, Lücking KM, Böll B et al. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2019;114:53-55.
4. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch §§ 1358, 1816, 1820, 1827 bis 1829 in der Fassung ab 1. Januar 2023; Bundesgerichtshof, Urteil vom 25.06.2010, 2 StR 454/09 (Behandlungsabbruch).
5. Bundesverfassungsgericht, Beschluss vom 23.09.2025, 1 BvR 2284/23 und 1 BvR 2285/23 (Nichtigkeit von § 5c IfSG); Beschluss vom 16.12.2021, 1 BvR 1541/20.
6. Lautrette A, Darmon M, Megarbane B et al. A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2007;356:469-478.
7. Robert R, Le Gouge A, Kentish-Barnes N et al. Terminal weaning or immediate extubation for withdrawing mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients (the ARREVE observational study). Intensive Care Med 2017;43:1793-1807.
8. Chang DW, Neville TH, Parrish J et al. Evaluation of time-limited trials among critically ill patients with advanced medical illnesses and reduction of nonbeneficial ICU treatments. JAMA Intern Med 2021;181:786-794.
9. Sprung CL, Ricou B, Hartog CS et al. Changes in end-of-life practices in European intensive care units from 1999 to 2016. JAMA 2019;322:1692-1704.
10. Kumpf O et al. Intensivmedizinische Qualitätsindikatoren für Deutschland, vierte Auflage 2022. GMS Ger Med Sci 2023;21:Doc10.
11. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
12. Schuler US. Therapiezieländerung und Palliativtherapie auf der Intensivstation: wann und wie? Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2025;120:561-567.
13. Michalsen A, Hartog CS (Hrsg.). End-of-Life Care in der Intensivmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013.
14. Husebø S, Klaschik E. Palliativmedizin. Springer, Heidelberg, 4. Auflage 2006.

Grundlagen der Palliativversorgung, Versorgungsstrukturen und Betreuungskontinuität Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
2. Sepúlveda C, Marlin A, Yoshida T, Ullrich A. Palliative care: the World Health Organization’s global perspective. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;24:91-96.
3. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:733-742.
4. Zimmermann C, Swami N, Krzyzanowska M et al. Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;383:1721-1730.
5. Downar J, Goldman R, Pinto R et al. The „surprise question“ for predicting death in seriously ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2017;189:E484-E493.
6. Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss. Richtlinie zur Verordnung von spezialisierter ambulanter Palliativversorgung (SAPV-Richtlinie), zuletzt geändert 2021.
7. Fünftes Buch Sozialgesetzbuch §§ 37b, 39a, 39b, 39d, 132d, 132g. Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Hospiz- und Palliativversorgung in Deutschland vom 1. Dezember 2015, BGBl. I S. 2114.
8. GKV-Spitzenverband und Leistungserbringerverbände. Rahmenvertrag nach § 132d Abs. 1 SGB V über die spezialisierte ambulante Palliativversorgung (Erwachsene), 2023.
9. Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC, Silvester W. The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c1345.
10. In der Schmitten J, Lex K, Mellert C et al. Implementing an advance care planning program in German nursing homes. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014;111:50-57.
11. Korfage IJ, Carreras G, Arnfeldt Christensen CM et al. Advance care planning in patients with advanced cancer: a 6-country, cluster-randomised clinical trial. PLoS Med 2020;17:e1003422.
12. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin, Deutscher Hospiz- und PalliativVerband, Bundesärztekammer. Charta zur Betreuung schwerstkranker und sterbender Menschen in Deutschland, 2010.
13. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006.
14. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012.
15. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013.
16. Higginson IJ, Finlay IG, Goodwin DM et al. Is there evidence that palliative care teams alter end-of-life experiences of patients and their caregivers? J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:150-168.

Palliativversorgung von Kindern, alten Menschen und Menschen aus verschiedenen Kulturen Palliativmedizin

1. Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativversorgung für Kinder und Jugendliche mit einer Krebserkrankung (PädOnkoPall), Version 1.0, Dezember 2025. AWMF 025-035.
2. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
3. Together for Short Lives. A Guide to Children’s Palliative Care. 4. Auflage. Bristol 2018.
4. Mitchell SL, Teno JM, Kiely DK et al. The clinical course of advanced dementia. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1529-1538.
5. Volkert D, Beck AM, Faxen-Irving G et al. ESPEN guideline on nutrition and hydration in dementia: update 2024. Clin Nutr 2024;43:1599-1626.
6. Davies N, Barrado-Martín Y, Vickerstaff V et al. Enteral tube feeding for people with severe dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021;8:CD013503.
7. Basler HD, Hüger D, Kunz R et al. Beurteilung von Schmerz bei Demenz (BESD). Untersuchung zur Validität eines Verfahrens zur Beobachtung des Schmerzverhaltens. Schmerz 2006;20:519-526.
8. Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:691-700.
9. Lavan AH, Gallagher P, Parsons C, O’Mahony D. STOPPFrail: a consensus validation. Age Ageing 2017;46:600-607.
10. Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdóttir U, Onelöv E et al. Talking about death with children who have severe malignant disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1175-1186.
11. Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? Health Serv Res 2007;42:727-754.
12. Europäische Arzneimittel-Agentur. Codein zur Schmerzbehandlung bei Kindern: Einschränkungen der Anwendung (PRAC-Empfehlung), 2013.
13. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006.
14. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012.
15. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013.
16. Köpke S, Mühlhauser I, Gerlach A et al. Effect of a guideline-based multicomponent intervention on use of physical restraints in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307:2177-2184.
17. Burgio N, Jennessen S. PraeKids: Diagnoseprävalenz lebensbedrohlicher und lebensverkürzender Erkrankungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt 2023;66.

Symptome erfassen, Therapiepläne erstellen, Arzneimittel in der Palliativmedizin Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
2. Basch E, Deal AM, Kris MG et al. Symptom monitoring with patient-reported outcomes during routine cancer treatment: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:557-565.
3. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:733-742.
4. Murtagh FEM, Ramsenthaler C, Firth A et al. A brief, patient- and proxy-reported outcome measure in advanced illness: validity, reliability and responsiveness of the Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale (IPOS). Palliat Med 2019;33:1045-1057.
5. Stiel S, Matthes ME, Bertram L et al. Validierung der neuen Fassung des Minimalen Dokumentationssystems (MIDOS2) für Patienten in der Palliativmedizin. Schmerz 2010;24:596-604.
6. Anderson F, Downing GM, Hill J et al. Palliative performance scale (PPS): a new tool. J Palliat Care 1996;12:5-11.
7. Prigerson HG, Bao Y, Shah MA et al. Chemotherapy use, performance status, and quality of life at the end of life. JAMA Oncol 2015;1:778-784.
8. Lutz S, Balboni T, Jones J et al. Palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases: update of an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 2017;7:4-12.
9. Kutner JS, Blatchford PJ, Taylor DH et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:691-700.
10. Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) § 13 Abs. 1a und Betäubungsmittel-Verschreibungsverordnung (BtMVV) §§ 2, 5c, 5d, 8, 9 in der geltenden Fassung.
11. Straßenverkehrsgesetz (StVG) § 24a; Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen. Begutachtungsleitlinien zur Kraftfahreignung, geltende Fassung.
12. Bundessozialgericht, Urteil vom 19.03.2002, B 1 KR 37/00 R (Off-label-Use).
13. Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen Ärzteschaft. Verordnung von Betäubungsmitteln: keine Höchstmengen und „A“-Kennzeichnung mehr. Arzneiverordnung in der Praxis 2023;50(2).
14. Morita T, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, Chihara S. The Palliative Prognostic Index: a scoring system for survival prediction of terminally ill cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 1999;7:128-133; Pirovano M, Maltoni M, Nanni O et al. A new palliative prognostic score. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;17:231-239.
15. Gaertner J, Ruberg K, Schlesiger G, Frechen S, Voltz R. Drug interactions in palliative care: it’s more than cytochrome P450. Palliat Med 2012;26:813-825.
16. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer Medizin, Heidelberg 2012; Kapitel 4 Testinstrumente, Kapitel 5 Grundlagen des Symptommanagements, Kapitel 6 Symptome.
17. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013; Kapitel 2 Grundlagen der Symptomkontrolle und Kapitel 17 Arzneimittel in der Palliativmedizin.
18. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006; Kapitel 4.

Tumorschmerz und Opioidtherapie Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, 2026. AWMF 128-001OL; Kapitel Tumorschmerz und opioidbedingte Obstipation.
2. Caraceni A, Hanks G, Kaasa S et al. Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e58-e68.
3. Fallon M, Giusti R, Aielli F et al. Management of cancer pain in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 2018;29 Suppl 4:iv166-iv191.
4. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the pharmacological and radiotherapeutic management of cancer pain in adults and adolescents. Genf 2018.
5. Bandieri E, Romero M, Ripamonti CI et al. Randomized trial of low-dose morphine versus weak opioids in moderate cancer pain. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:436-442.
6. Davies AN, Dickman A, Reid C et al. The management of cancer-related breakthrough pain: recommendations of a task group of the Science Committee of the Association for Palliative Medicine of Great Britain and Ireland. Eur J Pain 2009;13:331-338.
7. Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2015;14:162-173.
8. Hardy J, Quinn S, Fazekas B et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and toxicity of subcutaneous ketamine in the management of cancer pain. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3611-3617.
9. Smith TJ, Staats PS, Deer T et al. Randomized clinical trial of an implantable drug delivery system compared with comprehensive medical management for refractory cancer pain. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4040-4049.
10. Wyse JM, Carone M, Paquin SC et al. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of early endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis to prevent pain progression in patients with newly diagnosed, painful, inoperable pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3541-3546.
11. Häuser W, Welsch P, Radbruch L et al. Cannabis-based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023;6:CD014915.
12. Lutz S, Balboni T, Jones J et al. Palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases: update of an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 2017;7:4-12.
13. van den Beuken-van Everdingen MHJ, Hochstenbach LMJ, Joosten EAJ et al. Update on prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2016;51:1070-1090.
14. Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte. Rote-Hand-Brief zu metamizolhaltigen Arzneimitteln: Maßnahmen zur Minimierung der schwerwiegenden Folgen des bekannten Risikos für Agranulozytose. Dezember 2024.
15. Medizinal-Cannabisgesetz (MedCanG) vom 27.03.2024; § 31 Abs. 6 SGB V.
16. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006; Kapitel 4 Schmerztherapie und Symptomkontrolle in der Palliativmedizin.
17. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013; Kapitel 3 Schmerztherapie und Kapitel 17 Arzneimittel in der Palliativmedizin.
18. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer Medizin, Heidelberg 2012; Kapitel 6.2 Schmerz.

Atemnot, Husten, Rasselatmung und thorakale Symptome Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
2. Higginson IJ et al. Mirtazapine to alleviate severe breathlessness in patients with COPD or interstitial lung diseases (BETTER-B): an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 mixed-method trial. Lancet Respir Med 2024;12:763-774.
3. Ekström M, Ferreira D, Chang S et al. Effect of regular, low-dose, extended-release morphine on chronic breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the BEAMS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2022;328:2022-2032.
4. Hui D et al. Effect of dexamethasone on dyspnoea in patients with cancer (ABCD): a parallel-group, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2022;23:1321-1331.
5. Abernethy AP, McDonald CF, Frith PA et al. Effect of palliative oxygen versus room air in relief of breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnoea: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376:784-793.
6. Galbraith S, Fagan P, Perkins P et al. Does the use of a handheld fan improve chronic dyspnea? A randomized, controlled, crossover trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010;39:831-838.
7. Higginson IJ, Bausewein C, Reilly CC et al. An integrated palliative and respiratory care service for patients with advanced disease and refractory breathlessness: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:979-987.
8. van Esch HJ, van Zuylen L, Geijteman ECT et al. Effect of prophylactic subcutaneous scopolamine butylbromide on death rattle in patients at the end of life: the SILENCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;326:1268-1276.
9. Davies HE, Mishra EK, Kahan BC et al. Effect of an indwelling pleural catheter vs chest tube and talc pleurodesis for relieving dyspnea in patients with malignant pleural effusion: the TIME2 randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307:2383-2389.
10. Ekström M, Bornefalk-Hermansson A, Abernethy A, Currow D. Safety of benzodiazepines and opioids in very severe respiratory disease: national prospective study. BMJ 2014;348:g445.
11. Simon ST, Köskeroglu P, Gaertner J, Voltz R. Fentanyl for the relief of refractory breathlessness: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2013;46:874-886.
12. Husebø S, Klaschik E. Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006 (Kapitel 4.10 Symptomkontrolle).
13. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012 (Kapitel 6 Symptome in der Palliativmedizin).
14. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013 (Kapitel 5 Pulmonale Symptome).

Übelkeit, Obstipation, maligne intestinale Obstruktion, Kachexie, Ernährung und Flüssigkeit Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
2. Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:489-495.
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4. Bruera E, Hui D, Dalal S et al. Parenteral hydration in patients with advanced cancer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:111-118.
5. Navari RM, Pywell CM, Le-Rademacher JG et al. Olanzapine for the treatment of advanced cancer-related chronic nausea and/or vomiting: a randomized pilot trial. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:895-899.
6. Hardy JR, Skerman H, Philip J et al. Methotrimeprazine versus haloperidol in palliative care patients with cancer-related nausea: a randomised, double-blind controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9:e029942.
7. Thomas J, Karver S, Cooney GA et al. Methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced constipation in advanced illness. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2332-2343.
8. Katakami N, Harada T, Murata T et al. Randomized phase III and extension studies of naldemedine in patients with opioid-induced constipation and cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:3859-3866.
9. Europäische Arzneimittelagentur. European Medicines Agency recommends changes to the use of metoclopramide. EMA/443003/2013, Juli 2013.
10. Druml C, Ballmer PE, Druml W et al. ESPEN guideline on ethical aspects of artificial nutrition and hydration. Clin Nutr 2016;35:545-556.
11. Volkert D, Chourdakis M, Faxen-Irving G et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in dementia. Clin Nutr 2015;34:1052-1073.
12. Currow DC, Quinn S, Agar M et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of octreotide in malignant bowel obstruction. J Pain Symptom Manage 2015;49:814-821.
13. Sandhya L, Devi Sreenivasan N, Goenka L et al. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of olanzapine for chemotherapy-related anorexia in patients with locally advanced or metastatic gastric, hepatopancreaticobiliary, and lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023;41:2617-2627.
14. Raijmakers NJH, van Zuylen L, Costantini M et al. Artificial nutrition and hydration in the last week of life in cancer patients. A systematic literature review of practices and effects. Ann Oncol 2011;22:1478-1486.
15. Husebø S, Klaschik E. Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006 (Kapitel 4.10 Symptomkontrolle).
16. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012 (Kapitel 6 Symptome in der Palliativmedizin).
17. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013 (Kapitel 4 Gastrointestinale Symptome und Kapitel 7 Anorexie-Kachexie-Syndrom).

Delir, Angst, Depression, Fatigue und Schlaf; maligne Wunden und Juckreiz Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
2. Agar MR, Lawlor PG, Quinn S et al. Efficacy of oral risperidone, haloperidol, or placebo for symptoms of delirium among patients in palliative care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2017;177:34-42.
3. Hui D, Frisbee-Hume S, Wilson A et al. Effect of lorazepam with haloperidol vs haloperidol alone on agitated delirium in patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;318:1047-1056.
4. Lawlor PG, Gagnon B, Mancini IL et al. Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:786-794.
5. Yennurajalingam S, Frisbee-Hume S, Palmer JL et al. Reduction of cancer-related fatigue with dexamethasone: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:3076-3082.
6. Fabi A, Bhargava R, Fatigoni S et al. Cancer-related fatigue: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Oncol 2020;31:713-723.
7. Mücke M, Mochamat, Cuhls H et al. Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(5):CD006788.
8. Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, Browner WS. Case-finding instruments for depression: two questions are as good as many. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:439-445.
9. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. S2k-Leitlinie Status epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter, AWMF 030-079, 2020.
10. Weltgesundheitsorganisation. ICD-11, 6B43 Anpassungsstörung und 6B40 Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung, 2022.
11. Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2103-2113.
12. Spathis A, Fife K, Blackhall F et al. Modafinil for the treatment of fatigue in lung cancer: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:1882-1888.
13. Statistisches Bundesamt. Todesursachenstatistik 2023: Suizide. Wiesbaden 2024.
14. Husebø S, Klaschik E. Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006 (Kapitel 5.6 und 5.7).
15. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012 (Kapitel 6 Symptome in der Palliativmedizin).
16. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013 (Kapitel 6 Neuropsychiatrische Symptome und Kapitel 8 Dermatologische Symptome).

Palliativmedizinische Krisen und Notfälle Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
2. Michels G, John S, Janssens U et al. Palliativmedizinische Aspekte in der klinischen Akut- und Notfallmedizin sowie Intensivmedizin. Konsensuspapier der DGIIN, DGK, DGP, DGHO, DGfN, DGNI, DGG, DGAI, DGINA und DG Palliativmedizin. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2023;118(Suppl 1):14-38.
3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Spinal metastases and metastatic spinal cord compression. NICE guideline NG234, 2023.
4. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005;366:643-648.
5. Hoskin PJ, Hopkins K, Misra V et al. Effect of single-fraction vs multifraction radiotherapy on ambulatory status among patients with spinal canal compression from metastatic cancer: the SCORAD randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;322:2084-2094.
6. El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Clines GA, Hu MI et al. Treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023;108:507-528.
7. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;170:G1-G47.
8. Harris DG, Noble SIR. Management of terminal hemorrhage in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009;38:913-927.
9. Betäubungsmittelgesetz § 13 Abs. 1a und Betäubungsmittel-Verschreibungsverordnung §§ 5b, 5c, 8; Sozialgesetzbuch V § 37b; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch § 1358.
10. Rosenow F, Weber J et al. Status epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter, S2k-Leitlinie, 2020. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. AWMF 030-079.
11. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013; Kapitel 3, 5, 6, 9 und 17.
12. Husebø S, Klaschik E. Palliativmedizin. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006; Kapitel 4.
13. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012; Kapitel 6.
14. Michalsen A, Hartog CS (Hrsg.). End-of-Life Care in der Intensivmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013; Kapitel 14 und 15.

Palliativmedizin bei Organinsuffizienz, neurologischen und hereditären Erkrankungen Palliativmedizin

1. Murray SA, Kendall M, Boyd K, Sheikh A. Illness trajectories and palliative care. BMJ 2005;330:1007-1011.
2. Downar J, Goldman R, Pinto R, Englesakis M, Adhikari NKJ. The „surprise question“ for predicting death in seriously ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2017;189:E484-E493.
3. Highet G, Crawford D, Murray SA, Boyd K. Development and evaluation of the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT). BMJ Support Palliat Care 2014;4:285-290.
4. Bundesärztekammer, Kassenärztliche Bundesvereinigung, AWMF. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Chronische Herzinsuffizienz, 4. Auflage, 2023. AWMF nvl-006.
5. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021;42:3599-3726; Focused Update Eur Heart J 2023;44:3627-3639.
6. Rogers JG, Patel CB, Mentz RJ et al. Palliative care in heart failure: the PAL-HF randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:331-341.
7. Janssen DJA, Bajwah S, Boon MH et al. European Respiratory Society clinical practice guideline: palliative care for people with COPD or interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 2023;62:2202014.
8. Ekström M, Ferreira D, Chang S et al. Effect of regular, low-dose, extended-release morphine on chronic breathlessness in COPD: the BEAMS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2022;328:2022-2032.
9. Johnson MJ et al. Morphine for chronic breathlessness (MABEL) in the UK: a multi-site, parallel-group, dose titration, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2025;13:967-977.
10. Ploner CJ, Rolke R et al. Palliativmedizinische Versorgung neurologischer Erkrankungen, S2k-Leitlinie, 2023. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie. AWMF 030-145.
11. Davison SN, Levin A, Moss AH et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO Controversies Conference on Supportive Care in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 2015;88:447-459.
12. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2018;69:406-460.
13. Christakis NA, Lamont EB. Extent and determinants of error in doctors prognoses in terminally ill patients: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000;320:469-472.
14. Morrison RS, Siu AL. A comparison of pain and its treatment in advanced dementia and cognitively intact patients with hip fracture. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000;19:240-248.
15. Finucane TE, Christmas C, Travis K. Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia: a review of the evidence. JAMA 1999;282:1365-1370.
16. Bundesgerichtshof, Urteil vom 25.06.2010, 2 StR 454/09; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch §§ 1358, 1827, 1831; Sozialgesetzbuch V § 132g.
17. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013; Kapitel 2, 3, 5, 7 und 9.
18. Husebø S, Klaschik E. Palliativmedizin. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006; Kapitel 6 (Palliativmedizin in der Geriatrie).

Sterbephase und palliative Sedierung Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, 2026. AWMF 128-001OL; Kapitel Sterbephase.
2. Surges SM, Brunsch H, Jaspers B et al. Revised European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) recommended framework on palliative sedation: an international Delphi study. Palliat Med 2024;38:213-228.
3. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin. Handlungsempfehlung: Einsatz sedierender Medikamente in der Spezialisierten Palliativversorgung. Berlin 2021 (Verbundprojekt SedPall).
4. Cherny NI; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of refractory symptoms at the end of life and the use of palliative sedation. Ann Oncol 2014;25(Suppl 3):iii143-iii152.
5. Bruera E, Hui D, Dalal S et al. Parenteral hydration in patients with advanced cancer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:111-118.
6. Hui D, Frisbee-Hume S, Wilson A et al. Effect of lorazepam with haloperidol vs haloperidol alone on agitated delirium in patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017;318:1047-1056.
7. van Esch HJ, van Zuylen L, Geijteman ECT et al. Effect of prophylactic subcutaneous scopolamine butylbromide on death rattle in patients at the end of life: the SILENCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;326:1268-1276.
8. Maltoni M, Scarpi E, Rosati M et al. Palliative sedation in end-of-life care and survival: a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:1378-1383.
9. Maeda I, Morita T, Yamaguchi T et al. Effect of continuous deep sedation on survival in patients with advanced cancer (J-Proval): a propensity score-weighted analysis of a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:115-122.
10. Neuberger J et al. More care, less pathway: a review of the Liverpool Care Pathway. London: Department of Health 2013.
11. Bundesgerichtshof, Urteil vom 15.11.1996, 3 StR 79/96; Bundesverfassungsgericht, Urteil vom 26.02.2020, 2 BvR 2347/15; Strafgesetzbuch § 216.
12. Wright AA, Keating NL, Balboni TA et al. Place of death: correlations with quality of life of patients with cancer and predictors of bereaved caregivers mental health. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4457-4464.
13. Morita T, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, Chihara S. The Palliative Prognostic Index: a scoring system for survival prediction of terminally ill cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 1999;7:128-133.
14. Wildiers H, Menten J. Death rattle: prevalence, prevention and treatment. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002;23:310-317.
15. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013; Kapitel 7, 9 und 17.
16. Husebø S, Klaschik E. Palliativmedizin. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006; Kapitel 4 und 5.
17. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012; Kapitel 6.
18. Michalsen A, Hartog CS (Hrsg.). End-of-Life Care in der Intensivmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013; Kapitel 15.

Ethik und Recht am Lebensende, Todeswünsche und gesundheitliche Vorausplanung Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL, Kapitel Todeswünsche.
2. Bundesverfassungsgericht. Urteil des Zweiten Senats vom 26.02.2020, 2 BvR 2347/15 u. a. (Verbot der geschäftsmäßigen Förderung der Selbsttötung).
3. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch §§ 1358, 1816, 1820, 1827 bis 1829 in der Fassung ab 1. Januar 2023; Strafgesetzbuch § 216; SGB V § 132g.
4. Bundesgerichtshof. Beschluss vom 06.07.2016, XII ZB 61/16 (Bestimmtheit der Patientenverfügung); Urteile vom 03.07.2019, 5 StR 132/18 und 5 StR 393/18 (ärztliche Suizidbegleitung).
5. Bundesärztekammer. Hinweise der Bundesärztekammer zum ärztlichen Umgang mit Suizidalität und Todeswünschen nach dem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zu § 217 StGB. Dtsch Arztebl 2021;118(29-30).
6. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin. Empfehlungen zum Umgang mit dem Wunsch nach Suizidassistenz in der Hospizarbeit und Palliativversorgung. Berlin 2021.
7. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Palliativmedizin. Positionspapier zum freiwilligen Verzicht auf Essen und Trinken. Berlin 2019.
8. Korfage IJ, Carreras G, Arnfeldt Christensen CM et al. Advance care planning in patients with advanced cancer: a 6-country, cluster-randomised clinical trial. PLoS Med 2020;17:e1003422.
9. in der Schmitten J, Lex K, Mellert C et al. Implementing an advance care planning program in German nursing homes: results of an inter-regionally controlled intervention trial. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014;111:50-57.
10. Dazzi T, Gribble R, Wessely S, Fear NT. Does asking about suicide and related behaviours induce suicidal ideation? What is the evidence? Psychol Med 2014;44:3361-3363.
11. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8. Aufl. New York: Oxford University Press 2019.
12. Bundesärztekammer. Grundsätze der Bundesärztekammer zur ärztlichen Sterbebegleitung. Dtsch Arztebl 2011;108(7):A346-A348.
13. Bundesgerichtshof. Urteil vom 25.06.2010, 2 StR 454/09 (Behandlungsabbruch); Beschluss vom 08.06.2005, XII ZR 177/03 (Pflegeheim).
14. Regionale Toetsingscommissies Euthanasie. Jaarverslag 2025. Den Haag, März 2026.
15. Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Brinkman-Stoppelenburg A, Penning C et al. Trends in end-of-life practices before and after the enactment of the euthanasia law in the Netherlands from 1990 to 2010: a repeated cross-sectional survey. Lancet 2012;380:908-915.
16. Bruera E, Hui D, Dalal S et al. Parenteral hydration in patients with advanced cancer: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:111-118.
17. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006 (Kapitel Ethik).
18. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012 (Kapitel Ethik und Recht).
19. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013 (Kapitel Ethik in der Palliativmedizin, Rechtliche Aspekte).
20. Michalsen A, Hartog CS (Hrsg.). End-of-Life Care in der Intensivmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013.

Kommunikation: Modelle, schwierige Gespräche und Familiengespräche Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL, Kapitel Kommunikation und Angehörige.
2. Back AL, Arnold RM, Baile WF, Tulsky JA, Fryer-Edwards K. Approaching difficult communication tasks in oncology. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:164-177.
3. Back AL, Arnold RM, Quill TE. Hope for the best, and prepare for the worst. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:439-443.
4. Childers JW, Back AL, Tulsky JA, Arnold RM. REMAP: a framework for goals of care conversations. J Oncol Pract 2017;13:e844-e850.
5. Baile WF, Buckman R, Lenzi R et al. SPIKES: a six-step protocol for delivering bad news. Oncologist 2000;5:302-311.
6. Elwyn G, Durand MA, Song J et al. A three-talk model for shared decision making: multistage consultation process. BMJ 2017;359:j4891.
7. Aktionsbündnis Patientensicherheit. Reden ist Gold. Kommunikation nach einem Zwischenfall. Bonn 2011.
8. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch §§ 630c und 630e (Patientenrechtegesetz 2013).
9. Moore PM, Rivera S, Bravo-Soto GA, Olivares C, Lawrie TA. Communication skills training for healthcare professionals working with people who have cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;7:CD003751.
10. Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review. Health Serv Res 2007;42:727-754.
11. Singh Ospina N, Phillips KA, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R et al. Eliciting the patient’s agenda: secondary analysis of recorded clinical encounters. J Gen Intern Med 2019;34:36-40.
12. Schulz von Thun F. Miteinander reden 1: Störungen und Klärungen. Reinbek: Rowohlt; Watzlawick P, Beavin JH, Jackson DD. Menschliche Kommunikation. Bern: Huber.
13. Fallowfield LJ, Jenkins VA, Beveridge HA. Truth may hurt but deceit hurts more: communication in palliative care. Palliat Med 2002;16:297-303.
14. Kennifer SL, Alexander SC, Pollak KI et al. Negative emotions in cancer care: do oncologists’ responses depend on severity and type of emotion? Patient Educ Couns 2009;76:51-56.
15. Slevin ML, Stubbs L, Plant HJ et al. Attitudes to chemotherapy: comparing views of patients with cancer with those of doctors, nurses, and general public. BMJ 1990;300:1458-1460.
16. Elwyn G, Edwards A, Wensing M et al. Shared decision making: developing the OPTION scale for measuring patient involvement. Qual Saf Health Care 2003;12:93-99.
17. Kreicbergs U, Valdimarsdóttir U, Onelöv E et al. Talking about death with children who have severe malignant disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1175-1186.
18. Nissim R, Gagliese L, Rodin G. The desire for hastened death in individuals with advanced cancer: a longitudinal qualitative study. Soc Sci Med 2009;69:165-171.
19. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012 (Kapitel Kommunikation, Kunsttherapie).
20. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013 (Kapitel Wahrnehmung und Kommunikation).
21. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006 (Kapitel Geriatrie und Pädiatrie).

Soziales Umfeld, Angehörige, Spiritualität und Trauer Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL, Kapitel Angehörige und Spiritualität.
2. Weltgesundheitsorganisation. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, 6B42 Prolonged grief disorder. Genf, aktuelle Fassung.
3. Chochinov HM, Kristjanson LJ, Breitbart W et al. Effect of dignity therapy on distress and end-of-life experience in terminally ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:753-762.
4. Frick E, Riedner C, Fegg MJ, Hauf S, Borasio GD. A clinical interview assessing cancer patients’ spiritual needs and preferences. Eur J Cancer Care 2006;15:238-243.
5. Nolan S, Saltmarsh P, Leget C. Spiritual care in palliative care: working towards an EAPC Task Force. Eur J Palliat Care 2011;18:86-89.
6. Ewing G, Grande G. Development of a Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT) for end-of-life care practice at home. Palliat Med 2013;27:244-256.
7. Stroebe M, Schut H. The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Stud 1999;23:197-224.
8. Maciejewski PK, Zhang B, Block SD, Prigerson HG. An empirical examination of the stage theory of grief. JAMA 2007;297:716-723.
9. Lundorff M, Holmgren H, Zachariae R, Farver-Vestergaard I, O’Connor M. Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2017;212:138-149.
10. Currier JM, Neimeyer RA, Berman JS. The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons: a comprehensive quantitative review. Psychol Bull 2008;134:648-661.
11. Pflegezeitgesetz und Familienpflegezeitgesetz in der geltenden Fassung; SGB XI; Gesetz über das Friedhofs- und Bestattungswesen NRW (BestG NRW).
12. McGoldrick M, Gerson R, Petry S. Genograms: Assessment and Treatment. 4. Aufl. New York: Norton 2020.
13. Beck-Friis B, Strang P. The organization of hospital-based home care for terminally ill cancer patients: the Motala model. Palliat Med 1993;7:93-100.
14. Slevin ML, Stubbs L, Plant HJ et al. Attitudes to chemotherapy: comparing views of patients with cancer with those of doctors, nurses, and general public. BMJ 1990;300:1458-1460.
15. Spiegel D, Bloom JR, Kraemer HC, Gottheil E. Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Lancet 1989;2:888-891.
16. Goodwin PJ, Leszcz M, Ennis M et al. The effect of group psychosocial support on survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1719-1726.
17. Spiegel D, Butler LD, Giese-Davis J et al. Effects of supportive-expressive group therapy on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer: a randomized prospective trial. Cancer 2007;110:1130-1138.
18. Pochard F, Azoulay E, Chevret S et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients: ethical hypothesis regarding decision-making capacity. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1893-1897.
19. Glick IO, Weiss RS, Parkes CM. The First Year of Bereavement. New York: Wiley 1974.
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21. Parlamentarische Versammlung des Europarats. Empfehlung 779 (1976) über die Rechte der Kranken und Sterbenden; Empfehlung 1418 (1999) zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und der Würde Todkranker und Sterbender.
22. Schneider W, Eichner E, Eschenbruch N et al. Wirksamkeit und Qualitätssicherung in der SAPV-Praxis. Eine explorative Begleitstudie. Ergebnisbericht, Augsburg 2011.
23. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. Grundlagen und Praxis. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006 (Kapitel Psychosoziale Fragen).
24. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012 (Kapitel Der Mensch als sterbliches Wesen und die Diversität am Lebensende; Familienzentrierte Medizin, Angehörige).
25. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013 (Kapitel Psychosoziale und spirituelle Aspekte, Trauer, Spiritual Care).

Team, Supervision, Selbstreflexion und Selbstsorge Palliativmedizin

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, Version 3.0, Juli 2026. AWMF 128-001OL.
2. Dijxhoorn AFQ, Brom L, van der Linden YM, Leget C, Raijmakers NJH. Prevalence of burnout in healthcare professionals providing palliative care and the effect of interventions to reduce symptoms: a systematic literature review. Palliat Med 2021;35:6-26.
3. Müller M, Pfister D, Markett S, Jaspers B. Wie viel Tod verträgt das Team? Eine bundesweite Befragung der Palliativstationen in Deutschland. Schmerz 2009;23:600-608.
4. West CP, Dyrbye LN, Erwin PJ, Shanafelt TD. Interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016;388:2272-2281.
5. Kearney MK, Weininger RB, Vachon MLS, Harrison RL, Mount BM. Self-care of physicians caring for patients at the end of life. JAMA 2009;301:1155-1164.
6. Maslach C, Leiter MP. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2016;15:103-111.
7. Weltgesundheitsorganisation. International Classification of Diseases, 11. Revision (ICD-11), QD85 Burnout. Genf 2019.
8. Zentrale Ethikkommission bei der Bundesärztekammer. Ethikberatung in der klinischen Medizin. Dtsch Arztebl 2006;103:A1703-A1707.
9. Krasner MS, Epstein RM, Beckman H et al. Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. JAMA 2009;302:1284-1293.
10. Rose S, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD000560.
11. Klimecki O, Singer T. Empathic distress fatigue rather than compassion fatigue? Integrating findings from empathy research in psychology and social neuroscience. In: Oakley B et al. (Hrsg.) Pathological Altruism. Oxford University Press 2012:368-383.
12. Husebø S, Klaschik E (Hrsg.). Palliativmedizin. 4. Auflage. Springer, Heidelberg 2006.
13. Schnell MW, Schulz C (Hrsg.). Basiswissen Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2012.
14. Thöns M, Sitte T (Hrsg.). Repetitorium Palliativmedizin. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2013.
15. Duarte D, El-Hagrassy MM, Couto TCE et al. Male and female physician suicidality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020;77:587-597.
16. Bradt J, Dileo C. Music therapy for end-of-life care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;1:CD007169.

Betreuung von Menschen mit Behinderung Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über die Rechte von Menschen mit Behinderungen, in Deutschland in Kraft seit 26. März 2009.
2. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, §§ 630e, 1821 und 1832, in der Fassung ab 1. Januar 2023; Sozialgesetzbuch V § 44b; Sozialgesetzbuch IX § 2.
3. Birnkrant DJ, Bushby K, Bann CM et al. Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:347–361.
4. Basler HD, Hüger D, Kunz R et al. Beurteilung von Schmerz bei Demenz (BESD). Untersuchung zur Validität eines Verfahrens zur Beobachtung des Schmerzverhaltens. Schmerz 2006;20:519–526.
5. Breau LM, Finley GA, McGrath PJ, Camfield CS. Validation of the Non-communicating Children’s Pain Checklist, postoperative version. Anesthesiology 2002;96:528–535.

Impfwesen und Schutzimpfungen Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Ständige Impfkommission. Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission beim Robert Koch-Institut, aktuelle Fassung. Epidemiologisches Bulletin.
2. Ständige Impfkommission. Antworten auf häufig gestellte Fragen zu Impfungen und operativen Eingriffen. Epidemiologisches Bulletin 2015;34:342.
3. Infektionsschutzgesetz, §§ 20 und 22, in der geltenden Fassung.
4. Deutsche AIDS-Gesellschaft, Österreichische AIDS-Gesellschaft. Deutsch-Österreichische Leitlinie zur medikamentösen Postexpositionsprophylaxe nach HIV-Exposition, aktuelle Fassung.
5. Verordnung zur arbeitsmedizinischen Vorsorge (ArbMedVV), Anhang Teil 2, in der geltenden Fassung.

Genderaspekte und Geschlechtsidentität in der Anästhesie Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Apfel CC, Läärä E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 1999;91:693–700.
2. Gan TJ, Glass PS, Sigl J et al. Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide faster than men. Anesthesiology 1999;90:1283–1287.
3. Blewer AL, McGovern SK, Schmicker RH et al. Gender disparities among adult recipients of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the public. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2018;11:e004710.
4. Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. Int J Transgend Health 2022;23(Suppl 1):S1–S259.
5. Gesetz über die Selbstbestimmung in Bezug auf den Geschlechtseintrag (SBGG), in Kraft seit 1. November 2024.

Gewalt erkennen und handeln: Kinder, Erwachsene, ältere Menschen Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. AWMF. S3+-Leitlinie Kindesmisshandlung, -missbrauch, -vernachlässigung unter Einbindung der Jugendhilfe und Pädagogik (Kinderschutzleitlinie). AWMF-Registernummer 027-069, aktuelle Fassung.
2. Gesetz zur Kooperation und Information im Kinderschutz (KKG), § 4, in der Fassung des Kinder- und Jugendstärkungsgesetzes vom 3. Juni 2021.
3. Pierce MC, Kaczor K, Lorenz DJ et al. Validation of a clinical decision rule to predict abuse in young children based on bruising characteristics. JAMA Netw Open 2021;4:e215832.
4. Sugar NF, Taylor JA, Feldman KW. Bruises in infants and toddlers: those who don’t cruise rarely bruise. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:399–403.
5. Sheets LK, Leach ME, Koszewski IJ et al. Sentinel injuries in infants evaluated for child physical abuse. Pediatrics 2013;131:701–707.
6. Yon Y, Mikton CR, Gassoumis ZD, Wilber KH. Elder abuse prevalence in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2017;5:e147–e156.
7. Sozialgesetzbuch V, § 27 und § 132k (vertrauliche Spurensicherung), in der geltenden Fassung.
8. Strafgesetzbuch, §§ 34, 203 und 226a, in der geltenden Fassung.

Klimawandel und Gesundheit: Hitze, Narkosegase und Ressourcen Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (AR6), Chapter 7, Supplementary Material, Tabelle 7.SM.7.
2. Verordnung (EU) 2024/573 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates über fluorierte Treibhausgase, Artikel 13.
3. Sherman J, Le C, Lamers V, Eckelman M. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of anesthetic drugs. Anesth Analg 2012;114:1086–1090.
4. Lenzen M, Malik A, Li M et al. The environmental footprint of health care: a global assessment. Lancet Planet Health 2020;4:e271–e279.
5. Dion P. The cost of anaesthetic vapours. Can J Anaesth 1992;39:633.

Ärztliche Leichenschau: Todesfeststellung, Todesart und Todesbescheinigung Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Gesetz über das Friedhofs- und Bestattungswesen (Bestattungsgesetz, BestG NRW), § 9, in der geltenden Fassung.
2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rechtsmedizin. S1-Leitlinie Regeln zur Durchführung der ärztlichen Leichenschau. AWMF-Registernummer 054-002, aktuelle Fassung.
3. Madea B, Rothschild M. The post mortem external examination: determination of the cause and manner of death. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010;107:575–588.
4. Brinkmann B, Banaschak S, Bratzke H et al. Fehlleistungen bei der Leichenschau in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer multizentrischen Studie. Arch Kriminol 1997;199:1–12 und 65–74.
5. Henßge C. Death time estimation in case work. I. The rectal temperature time of death nomogram. Forensic Sci Int 1988;38:209–236.
6. Henßge C, Madea B. Estimation of the time since death in the early post-mortem period. Forensic Sci Int 2004;144:167–175.
7. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. Volume 2: Instruction manual, rules for mortality coding. WHO, aktuelle Fassung.
8. Personenstandsverordnung (PStV), § 31, in der geltenden Fassung.

Ökonomie und Strukturen des Gesundheitswesens Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Krankenhausfinanzierungsgesetz (KHG) und Krankenhausentgeltgesetz (KHEntgG), in der geltenden Fassung.
2. Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Versorgungsqualität im Krankenhaus und zur Reform der Vergütungsstrukturen (KHVVG), in Kraft seit Dezember 2024.
3. Gesetz zur Anpassung der Krankenhausreform (KHAG), Bundestagsdrucksachen 21/2512 und 21/4527, beschlossen am 6. März 2026, Zustimmung des Bundesrates am 27. März 2026.
4. Institut für das Entgeltsystem im Krankenhaus (InEK). aG-DRG-Fallpauschalen-Katalog, aktuelle Fassung.
5. Pflegepersonaluntergrenzen-Verordnung (PpUGV), in der geltenden Fassung.

Organspende und Transplantationsmedizin: Hirnfunktionsausfall, Spenderbehandlung und Anästhesie Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Gesetz über die Spende, Entnahme und Übertragung von Organen und Geweben (Transplantationsgesetz, TPG), in der geltenden Fassung.
2. Bundesärztekammer. Richtlinie gemäß § 16 Abs. 1 S. 1 Nr. 1 TPG für die Regeln zur Feststellung des Todes nach § 3 Abs. 1 S. 1 Nr. 2 TPG und die Verfahrensregeln zur Feststellung des endgültigen, nicht behebbaren Ausfalls der Gesamtfunktion des Großhirns, des Kleinhirns und des Hirnstamms, Fünfte Fortschreibung. Dtsch Arztebl 2022. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2022.rl_hirnfunktionsausfall_02.
3. Deutsche Stiftung Organtransplantation. Leitfaden für die Organspende, aktuelle Fassung (dso.de).
4. Deutscher Bundestag. Gesetzentwürfe zur Einführung einer Widerspruchslösung, Drucksachen 21/2738 und 21/7570; Beratung am 24.09.2026.
5. Kotloff RM, Blosser S, Fulda GJ et al. Management of the potential organ donor in the ICU: Society of Critical Care Medicine/American College of Chest Physicians/Association of Organ Procurement Organizations consensus statement. Crit Care Med 2015;43:1291–1325.
6. Mascia L, Pasero D, Slutsky AS et al. Effect of a lung protective strategy for organ donors on eligibility and availability of lungs for transplantation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304:2620–2627.
7. Dhar R, Marklin GF, Klinkenberg WD et al. Intravenous levothyroxine for unstable brain-dead heart donors. N Engl J Med 2023;389:2029–2038.
8. Bundesärztekammer. Arbeitspapier zum Verhältnis von Patientenverfügung und Organspendeerklärung. Dtsch Arztebl 2013.

Grundlagen ärztlicher Begutachtung: Auftrag, Beweismaß und Arzthaftung Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Zivilprozessordnung, §§ 286, 287, 402 bis 414, insbesondere §§ 406 und 407a, in der geltenden Fassung.
2. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, §§ 630a bis 630h (Patientenrechtegesetz 2013), in der geltenden Fassung.
3. Sozialgesetzbuch VII (gesetzliche Unfallversicherung), in der geltenden Fassung.
4. Versorgungsmedizin-Verordnung mit den Versorgungsmedizinischen Grundsätzen, in der geltenden Fassung.
5. Justizvergütungs- und -entschädigungsgesetz (JVEG), in der geltenden Fassung.
6. AWMF. S2k-Leitlinie Ärztliche Begutachtung von Menschen mit chronischen Schmerzen. AWMF-Registernummer 094-003, aktuelle Fassung.
7. Ärztekammer Westfalen-Lippe. Gutachterkommission für ärztliche Haftpflichtfragen: Verfahrensordnung, aktuelle Fassung (aekwl.de).
8. Metzner J, Posner KL, Lam MS, Domino KB. Closed claims’ analysis. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2011;25:263–276.

Prüfungsfälle Anästhesie: sechs Fälle wie in der Facharztprüfung Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, et al. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. Br J Anaesth 2015;115:827–848.
2. DGAI. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement, AWMF 001-028, 2023.
3. Glahn KPE, Ellis FR, Halsall PJ, et al. Recognizing and managing a malignant hyperthermia crisis: guidelines from the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group. Br J Anaesth 2010;105:417–420.
4. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, et al. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). Br J Anaesth 2018;121:159–171.
5. Warner MA, Warner ME, Weber JG. Clinical significance of pulmonary aspiration during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology 1993;78:56–62.
6. Birenbaum A, Hajage D, Roche S, et al. Effect of cricoid pressure compared with a sham procedure in the rapid sequence induction of anesthesia (IRIS). JAMA Surg 2019;154:9–17.
7. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, et al. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: joint ESAIC/ESRA guidelines. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2022;39:100–132.
8. Neuman MD, Feng R, Carson JL, et al. Spinal anesthesia or general anesthesia for hip surgery in older adults (REGAIN). N Engl J Med 2021;385:2025–2035.
9. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Lancet 2017;389:2105–2116.
10. DGGG, OEGGG, SGGG. S2k-Leitlinie Peripartale Blutung, Diagnostik und Therapie, AWMF 015-063, 2022.

Prüfungsfälle Intensivmedizin: sechs Fälle wie in der Facharztprüfung Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026. Intensive Care Med 2026 und Crit Care Med 2026.
2. van Ruler O, Mahler CW, Boer KR, et al. Comparison of on-demand vs planned relaparotomy strategy in patients with severe peritonitis (RELAP). JAMA 2007;298:865–872.
3. Guérin C, Reignier J, Richard JC, et al. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PROSEVA). N Engl J Med 2013;368:2159–2168.
4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute PETAL Clinical Trials Network. Early neuromuscular blockade in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ROSE). N Engl J Med 2019;380:1997–2008.
5. Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M, et al. PCI strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (CULPRIT-SHOCK). N Engl J Med 2017;377:2419–2432.
6. Møller JE, Engstrøm T, Jensen LO, et al. Microaxial flow pump or standard care in infarct-related cardiogenic shock (DanGer Shock). N Engl J Med 2024;390:1382–1393.
7. Carney N, Totten AM, O'Reilly C, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition. Neurosurgery 2017;80:6–15.
8. Hutchinson PJ, Kolias AG, Timofeev IS, et al. Trial of decompressive craniectomy for traumatic intracranial hypertension (RESCUEicp). N Engl J Med 2016;375:1119–1130.
9. STARRT-AKI Investigators. Timing of initiation of renal-replacement therapy in acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med 2020;383:240–251.
10. Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2013;368:11–21.
11. García-Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2370–2379.
12. de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno VII: renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2022;76:959–974.

Prüfungsfälle Schmerz- und Palliativmedizin: sechs Fälle wie in der Facharztprüfung Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin für Patienten mit einer nicht heilbaren Krebserkrankung, AWMF 128-001OL, Version 2.2, 2020.
2. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the pharmacological and radiotherapeutic management of cancer pain in adults and adolescents. Genf 2018.
3. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RSGM, et al. Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the „Budapest Criteria“) for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2010;150:268–274.
4. DGN. S1-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie komplexer regionaler Schmerzsyndrome (CRPS), AWMF 030-116, 2018.
5. Goel A, Azargive S, Weissman JS, et al. Perioperative Pain and Addiction Interdisciplinary Network (PAIN) clinical practice advisory for perioperative management of buprenorphine. Can J Anaesth 2019;66:201–217.
6. Uppal V, Russell R, Sondekoppam R, et al. Consensus practice guidelines on postdural puncture headache from a multisociety, international working group. JAMA Netw Open 2023;6:e2325387.
7. Cherny NI, Radbruch L, Board of the EAPC. European Association for Palliative Care recommended framework for the use of sedation in palliative care. Palliat Med 2009;23:581–593.
8. Nolan JP, Sandroni C, Böttiger BW, et al. European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine guidelines 2021: post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Med 2021;47:369–421.
9. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, § 1827 (Patientenverfügung), in der Fassung seit 1. Januar 2023.

Entscheidungsfindung im interprofessionellen Team Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, §§ 630d und 630e (Einwilligung und Aufklärung).
2. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie. S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin, Version 3.0, Juli 2026, Kapitel Kommunikation.

Patientensicherheit und Human Factors: Fehler, CRM, Kommunikation und Checklisten Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM et al. Simulation-based trial of surgical-crisis checklists. N Engl J Med 2013;368:246–253.
2. Edmondson A. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Adm Sci Q 1999;44:350–383.
3. Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR et al. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 2009;360:491–499.
4. Mellin-Olsen J, Staender S, Whitaker DK, Smith AF. The Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;27:592–597.
5. Müller M, Jürgens J, Redaèlli M et al. Impact of the communication and patient hand-off tool SBAR on patient safety: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2018;8:e022202.
6. Rall M, Dieckmann P. Safety culture and crisis resource management in airway management. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2005;19:539–557.
7. Reason J. Human error: models and management. BMJ 2000;320:768–770.
8. Urbach DR, Govindarajan A, Saskin R et al. Introduction of surgical safety checklists in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1029–1038.
9. World Health Organization. WHO Surgical Safety Checklist. Genf 2009.
10. Wu AW. Medical error: the second victim. BMJ 2000;320:726–727.
11. Weiterführend: Gropper MA et al. (Hrsg.). Miller’s Anesthesia, 10. Auflage. Elsevier 2024.

Strukturierte Aufklärungsgespräche Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, §§ 630d und 630e.

Aktuelle Leitlinien Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. AWMF-Leitlinienregister mit Stand- und Gültigkeitsdaten; AWMF-Regelwerk zu Entwicklungsstufen.
2. Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie: S3-Leitlinie Palliativmedizin, Version 3.0, Juli 2026 (AWMF 128-001OL).
3. European Resuscitation Council: Leitlinien 2025.
4. S3-Leitlinie Sepsis (AWMF 079-001, Update Juli 2025); S3-Leitlinie Intensivmedizin nach Polytrauma (AWMF 040-014, 2024); S3-Leitlinie Nierenersatztherapie in der Intensivmedizin (AWMF 040-017, 2025).
5. DAS-Leitlinie Analgesie, Sedierung und Delirmanagement (AWMF 001-012); Fassung und Gültigkeit bitte im Register prüfen.

Publikationsupdates Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Berichtsstandards der EQUATOR-Initiative: CONSORT für randomisierte Studien, STROBE für Beobachtungsstudien, PRISMA für systematische Reviews.
2. Beispiele aus den Lerneinheiten P11 bis P16: POISE-3, PROTECT, ARISS, ALBIOS, DOSE-VF, DEVICE, PREOXI.

Up-to-date-Medizin Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. AWMF-Leitlinienregister und Leitlinienprogramm Onkologie.
2. PubMed und Cochrane Library.
3. EQUATOR-Netzwerk für Berichtsstandards.

Generative KI in der Anästhesiologie: Evidenz, Anwendungen, Grenzen Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. Chuan A, Nanda M. Generative artificial intelligence in anesthesiology: current evidence, clinical applications, and the emerging role of small models. Anesthesiology 2026;144:1420–1430.
2. Rahrisch A, Braun J, Ganter MT, et al. Generative AI in preanesthetic consultations: effects on efficiency, documentation workload, quality, and physician-patient interaction: a simulation trial. J Clin Anesth 2026;110:112163.
3. Ke YH, Jin L, Elangovan K, et al. Real-world deployment and evaluation of PEri-operative AI CHatbot (PEACH): a large language model chatbot for peri-operative medicine. Anaesthesia 2026;81:62–71.
4. Ke YH, Yang Ong BS, Jin L, et al. Clinical and economic impact of a large language model in perioperative medicine: a randomized crossover trial. NPJ Digit Med 2025;8:462.
5. MacKay EJ, Goldfinger S, Chan TJ, et al. Automated structured data extraction from intraoperative echocardiography reports using large language models. Br J Anaesth 2025;134:1308–1317.
6. Khan A, Kundu A, Saha S, Gondode P. Caudal anesthesia patient education materials: comprehensive analysis of generative artificial intelligence and traditional patient information leaflets. Paediatr Anaesth 2026;36:1153–1155.
7. Tulgar S, Aksu C, Selvi O, et al. A comparative evaluation of the quality of responses provided by different large language model chatbots to frequently asked questions regarding nerve blocks. BMC Anesthesiol 2026;26:98.
8. Liu H, Cheng H, Zhang Y, et al. Revolutionizing clinical skills training with generative AI: the Intelligent Inquiry Training System framework. Front Med 2026;13:1781314.
9. Lukac PJ, Turner W, Vangala S, et al. Ambient AI scribes in clinical practice: a randomized trial. NEJM AI 2025;2(12). doi:10.1056/AIoa2501000.
10. Afshar M, Baumann MR, Resnik F, et al. A pragmatic randomized controlled trial of ambient artificial intelligence to improve health practitioner well-being. NEJM AI 2025;2(12). doi:10.1056/AIoa2500945.
11. Brügge E, Ricchizzi S, Arenbeck M, et al. Large language models improve clinical decision making of medical students through patient simulation and structured feedback: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med Educ 2024;24:1391.
12. De Cassai A, Dost B. Concerns regarding the uncritical use of ChatGPT: a critical analysis of AI-generated references in the context of regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2024;49:378–380.
13. Fettiplace MR, Bhatia A, Chen Y, et al. Recommendations for disclosure of artificial intelligence in scientific writing and publishing: a regional anesthesia and pain medicine modified Delphi study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2025. doi:10.1136/rapm-2025-106852.
14. Flanagin A, Pirracchio R, Khera R, et al. Reporting use of AI in research and scholarly publication: JAMA Network guidance. JAMA 2024;331:1096–1098.
15. Gallifant J, Afshar M, Ameen S, et al. The TRIPOD-LLM reporting guideline for studies using large language models. Nat Med 2025;31:60–69.
16. Vasey B, Nagendran M, Campbell B, et al. Reporting guideline for the early stage clinical evaluation of decision support systems driven by artificial intelligence: DECIDE-AI. BMJ 2022;377:e070904.
17. Verordnung (EU) 2024/1689 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates zur Festlegung harmonisierter Vorschriften für künstliche Intelligenz (KI-Verordnung). ABl. L, 12.7.2024.
18. Verordnung (EU) 2026/1744 zur Änderung der Verordnung (EU) 2024/1689 (Digital Omnibus zur KI), in Kraft seit 27.7.2026.
19. World Health Organization. Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health. Genf, WHO 2021, Leitlinie zu großen multimodalen Modellen 2024.
20. International Energy Agency. Energy and AI. Paris, IEA 2025.

Forschung und Translation Weiterbildung und Kompetenzen

1. EQUATOR-Netzwerk: CONSORT, STROBE, PRISMA.
2. Empfehlungen zu Autorschaft und guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis (ICMJE, DFG-Kodex).

There will be blood: Geschichten aus Anästhesie, Notfallmedizin und Chirurgie There will be blood

1. Rogozov V, Bermel N. Auto-appendectomy in the Antarctic: case report. BMJ 2009;339:b4965.
2. Kane EO. The phonograph in the operating-room. JAMA 1914;62:1829.
3. Bier A. Versuche über Cocainisirung des Rückenmarkes. Dtsch Z Chir 1899;51:361–369.
4. Landsteiner K. Über Agglutinationserscheinungen normalen menschlichen Blutes. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1901;14:1132–1134.
5. Snow J. On chloroform and other anaesthetics: their action and administration. London: Churchill; 1858.
6. Gordon R. Great Medical Disasters. London: Hutchinson; 1983.
7. Molina-Sosa A, Galván-Espinosa H, Granados-Martínez J, et al. Self-inflicted cesarean section with maternal and fetal survival. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004;84:287–290.
8. Thompson T, Oram C, Correll CU, et al. Analgesic effects of alcohol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled experimental studies in healthy participants. J Pain 2017;18:499–510.
9. Ralston A. Between a Rock and a Hard Place. New York: Atria; 2004.
10. Dubernard JM, Owen E, Herzberg G, et al. Human hand allograft: report on first 6 months. Lancet 1999;353:1315–1320.
11. Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A, et al. Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7 °C with circulatory arrest. Lancet 2000;355:375–376.
12. McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, et al. Wilderness Medical Society clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite: 2024 update. Wilderness Environ Med 2024.
13. Vortragsunterlagen des Autors: „Selbstoperationen und Selbstamputationen“ und „Kälte, Höhe und moderne Rettungsmedizin“ (2026); Angaben gegen die Primärquellen geprüft und korrigiert.

Das CO₂ steigt Clinical Mystery

1. Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC, Brandom BW, Lehman EB. Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2010;110(2):498-507. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c6b9b2 PMID 20081135 Registerauswertung.
2. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
3. Riazi S, Kraeva N, Hopkins PM. Malignant hyperthermia in the post-genomics era: new perspectives on an old concept. Anesthesiology. 2018;128(1):168-180. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001878 PMID 28902675 Übersichtsarbeit.
4. Rüffert H, Bastian B, Bendixen D, Girard T, Heiderich S, Hellblom A, et al.. Consensus guidelines on perioperative management of malignant hyperthermia suspected or susceptible patients from the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2021;126(1):120-130. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.09.029 PMID 33131754 Leitlinie.
5. Larach MG, Localio AR, Allen GC, Denborough MA, Ellis FR, Gronert GA, et al.. A clinical grading scale to predict malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Anesthesiology. 1994;80(4):771-779. doi:10.1097/00000542-199404000-00008 PMID 8024130 Konsensuspapier.
6. Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, Bulger T, Stowell K. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2015;10:93. doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1 PMID 26238698 Übersichtsarbeit.
7. Glahn KPE, Girard T, Hellblom A, Hopkins PM, Johannsen S, Rüffert H, et al.. Recognition and management of a malignant hyperthermia crisis: updated 2024 guideline from the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025;134(1):221-223. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.09.022 PMID 39482150 Leitlinie.
8. Klingler W, Roewer N, Schuster F, Wappler F. S1-Leitlinie: Therapie der malignen Hyperthermie (AWMF 001-008). Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin. 2018;59:204-208. Leitlinie.
9. Birgenheier N, Stoker R, Westenskow D, Orr J. Activated charcoal effectively removes inhaled anesthetics from modern anesthesia machines. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2011;112(6):1363-1370. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318213fad7 PMID 21543783 Grundlagenarbeit.
10. Hopkins PM, Girard T, Dalay S, Jenkins B, Thacker A, Patteril M, et al.. Malignant hyperthermia 2020: Guideline from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(5):655-664. doi:10.1111/anae.15317 PMID 33399225 Leitlinie.
11. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
12. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
13. Marshall S. The Use of Cognitive Aids During Emergencies in Anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1162-1171. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829c397b PMID 24029855 Übersichtsarbeit.
14. Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Howard SK. Implementing Emergency Manuals: Can Cognitive Aids Help Translate Best Practices for Patient Care During Acute Events?. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1149-1161. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318298867a PMID 24108251 Übersichtsarbeit.
15. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
16. Glahn KPE, Bendixen D, Girard T, Hopkins PM, Johannsen S, Rüffert H, et al.. Availability of dantrolene for the management of malignant hyperthermia crises: European Malignant Hyperthermia Group guidelines. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2020;125(2):133-140. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.089 PMID 32591088 Leitlinie.
17. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
18. Hopkins PM, Rüffert H, Snoeck M, Girard T, Glahn KPE, Ellis FR, et al.. European Malignant Hyperthermia Group guidelines for investigation of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;115(4):531-539. doi:10.1093/bja/aev225 PMID 26188342 Leitlinie.
19. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
20. Bilmen JG, Gillies RJ. Clarifying the role of activated charcoal filters in preparing an anaesthetic workstation for malignant hyperthermia-susceptible patients. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2014;42(1):51-58. doi:10.1177/0310057X1404200110 PMID 24471664 Grundlagenarbeit.
21. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
22. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.

Nach dem Zement Clinical Mystery

1. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
2. Donaldson AJ, Thomson HE, Harper NJ, Kenny NW. Bone cement implantation syndrome. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009;102(1):12-22. doi:10.1093/bja/aen328 PMID 19059919 Übersichtsarbeit.
3. Olsen F, Kotyra M, Houltz E, Ricksten SE. Bone cement implantation syndrome in cemented hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture: incidence, risk factors, and effect on outcome. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2014;113(5):800-806. doi:10.1093/bja/aeu226 PMID 25031262 Kohortenstudie.
4. Brokke KE, Graman M, Servaas S, Sierevelt IN, Steegers MAH, Nolte PA. Bone cement implantation syndrome: a scoping review. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025;135(4):1038-1050. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2025.05.041 PMID 40634186 Systematische Übersicht.
5. Brandt L, Artmeier-Brandt U, Brandt KL. Patent foramen ovale, bone cement implantation syndrome and paradoxical embolism: case study and pathophysiological aspects. Die Anaesthesiologie. 2026. doi:10.1007/s00101-026-01706-x PMID 42319467 Fallbericht.
6. Rutter PD, Panesar SS, Darzi A, Donaldson LJ. What is the risk of death or severe harm due to bone cement implantation syndrome among patients undergoing hip hemiarthroplasty for fractured neck of femur? A patient safety surveillance study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(6):e004853. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004853 PMID 24924418 Registerauswertung.
7. Griffiths R, White SM, Moppett IK, Parker MJ, Chesser TJS, Costa ML, et al.. Safety guideline: reducing the risk from cemented hemiarthroplasty for hip fracture 2015. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(5):623-626. doi:10.1111/anae.13036 PMID 25866041 Leitlinie.
8. Griffiths R, Babu S, Dixon P, Freeman N, Hurford D, Kelleher E, et al.. Guideline for the management of hip fractures 2020: Guideline by the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(2):225-237. doi:10.1111/anae.15291 PMID 33289066 Leitlinie.
9. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
10. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
11. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, Farmer L, Floss K, Marinho S, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):159-171. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.014 PMID 29935567 Registerauswertung.
12. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
13. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
14. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.
15. Dodd AP, Turner P, Soar J, Savic L; UK Perioperative Allergy Network. Emergency treatment of peri-operative anaphylaxis: Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(5):535-541. doi:10.1111/anae.16206 PMID 38205901 Leitlinie.
16. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
17. Mirski MA, Lele AV, Fitzsimmons L, Toung TJK. Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Air Embolism. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(1):164-177. doi:10.1097/00000542-200701000-00026 PMID 17197859 Übersichtsarbeit.
18. Mashour GA, Shanks AM, Kheterpal S. Perioperative Stroke and Associated Mortality after Noncardiac, Nonneurologic Surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(6):1289-1296. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318216e7f4 PMID 21478735 Registerauswertung.
19. Mrkobrada M, Chan MTV, Cowan D, Campbell D, Wang CY, Torres D, et al.. Perioperative covert stroke in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (NeuroVISION): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2019;394(10203):1022-1029. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31795-7 PMID 31422895 Kohortenstudie.
20. Vlisides PE, Moore LE, Whalin MK, Robicsek SA, Gelb AW, Lele AV, et al.. Perioperative Care of Patients at High Risk for Stroke During or After Non-cardiac, Non-neurological Surgery: 2020 Guidelines From the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2020;32(3):210-226. doi:10.1097/ANA.0000000000000686 PMID 32433102 Leitlinie.
21. Strbian D, Tsivgoulis G, Ospel J, Räty S, Cimflova P, Georgiopoulos G, et al.. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy guideline on acute management of basilar artery occlusion. European Stroke Journal. 2024;9(4):835-884. doi:10.1177/23969873241257223 PMID 38752743 Leitlinie.
22. Tao C, Nogueira RG, Zhu Y, Sun J, Han H, Yuan G, et al.. Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Basilar-Artery Occlusion. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(15):1361-1372. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206317 PMID 36239644 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
23. Jovin TG, Li C, Wu L, Wu C, Chen J, Jiang C, et al.. Trial of Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke Due to Basilar-Artery Occlusion. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(15):1373-1384. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207576 PMID 36239645 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
24. Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: What We Know and How We Act. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2020;13:195-206. doi:10.2147/LRA.S230728 PMID 33177867 Übersichtsarbeit.
25. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.

Vierzig Minuten später Clinical Mystery

1. El-Boghdadly K, Pawa A, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2018;11:35-44. doi:10.2147/LRA.S154512 PMID 30122981 Übersichtsarbeit.
2. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
3. Neal JM, Barrington MJ, Fettiplace MR, Gitman M, Memtsoudis SG, Mörwald EE, et al.. The Third American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice Advisory on Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity: Executive Summary 2017. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2018;43(2):113-123. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000720 PMID 29356773 Konsensuspapier.
4. Macfarlane AJR, Gitman M, Bornstein KJ, El-Boghdadly K, Weinberg G. Updates in our understanding of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity: a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(S1):27-39. doi:10.1111/anae.15282 PMID 33426662 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Gosselin S, Hoegberg LCG, Hoffman RS, Graudins A, Stork CM, Thomas SHL, et al.. Evidence-based recommendations on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in poisoning. Clinical Toxicology. 2016;54(10):899-923. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1214275 PMID 27608281 Konsensuspapier.
6. Neal JM, Neal EJ, Weinberg G. American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity checklist: 2020 version. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2021;46(1):81-82. doi:10.1136/rapm-2020-101986 PMID 33148630 Konsensuspapier.
7. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
8. Rahiri J, Tuhoe J, Svirskis D, Lightfoot NJ, Lirk PB, Hill AG. Systematic review of the systemic concentrations of local anaesthetic after transversus abdominis plane block and rectus sheath block. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2017;118(4):517-526. doi:10.1093/bja/aex005 PMID 28403398 Systematische Übersicht.
9. Schwenk ES, Lam E, Abulfathi AA, Schmidt S, Gebhart A, Witzeling SD, et al.. Population pharmacokinetic and safety analysis of ropivacaine used for erector spinae plane blocks. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2023;48(9):454-461. doi:10.1136/rapm-2022-104252 PMID 37085287 Beobachtungsstudie.
10. Gitman M, Barrington MJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a review of recent case reports and registries. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2018;43(2). doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000721 PMID 29303925 Übersichtsarbeit.
11. Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: What We Know and How We Act. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2020;13:195-206. doi:10.2147/LRA.S230728 PMID 33177867 Übersichtsarbeit.
12. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, Annane D, Ball S, Bichet D, et al.. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2014;170(3):G1-G47. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-1020 PMID 24569125 Leitlinie.
13. Mashour GA, Shanks AM, Kheterpal S. Perioperative Stroke and Associated Mortality after Noncardiac, Nonneurologic Surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(6):1289-1296. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318216e7f4 PMID 21478735 Registerauswertung.
14. Mrkobrada M, Chan MTV, Cowan D, Campbell D, Wang CY, Torres D, et al.. Perioperative covert stroke in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (NeuroVISION): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2019;394(10203):1022-1029. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31795-7 PMID 31422895 Kohortenstudie.
15. Strbian D, Tsivgoulis G, Ospel J, Räty S, Cimflova P, Georgiopoulos G, et al.. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy guideline on acute management of basilar artery occlusion. European Stroke Journal. 2024;9(4):835-884. doi:10.1177/23969873241257223 PMID 38752743 Leitlinie.
16. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
17. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
18. Marshall S. The Use of Cognitive Aids During Emergencies in Anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1162-1171. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829c397b PMID 24029855 Übersichtsarbeit.
19. Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Howard SK. Implementing Emergency Manuals: Can Cognitive Aids Help Translate Best Practices for Patient Care During Acute Events?. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1149-1161. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318298867a PMID 24108251 Übersichtsarbeit.
20. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
21. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
22. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.

Kein Ausschlag, keine Tachykardie Clinical Mystery

1. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, Farmer L, Floss K, Marinho S, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):159-171. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.014 PMID 29935567 Registerauswertung.
2. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
3. Woods BD, Sladen RN. Perioperative considerations for the patient with asthma and bronchospasm. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009;103(Suppl 1):i57-i65. doi:10.1093/bja/aep271 PMID 20007991 Übersichtsarbeit.
4. Roberts DJ, Leigh-Smith S, Faris PD, Blackmore C, Ball CG, Robertson HL, et al.. Clinical Presentation of Patients With Tension Pneumothorax: A Systematic Review. Annals of Surgery. 2015;261(6):1068-1078. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001073 PMID 25563887 Systematische Übersicht.
5. Tuxen DV, Lane S. The Effects of Ventilatory Pattern on Hyperinflation, Airway Pressures, and Circulation in Mechanical Ventilation of Patients with Severe Air-Flow Obstruction. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1987;136(4):872-879. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/136.4.872 PMID 3662241 Grundlagenarbeit.
6. Pepe PE, Marini JJ. Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: the auto-PEEP effect. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1982;126(1):166-170. doi:10.1164/arrd.1982.126.1.166 PMID 7046541 Grundlagenarbeit.
7. Dodd AP, Turner P, Soar J, Savic L; UK Perioperative Allergy Network. Emergency treatment of peri-operative anaphylaxis: Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(5):535-541. doi:10.1111/anae.16206 PMID 38205901 Leitlinie.
8. Harper NJN, Dixon T, Dugué P, Edgar DM, Fay A, Gooi HC, et al.. Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(2):199-211. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05733.x PMID 19143700 Leitlinie.
9. Takazawa T, Yamaura K, Hara T, Yorozu T, Mitsuhata H, Morimatsu H, et al.. Practical guidelines for the response to perioperative anaphylaxis. Journal of Anesthesia. 2021;35(6):778-793. doi:10.1007/s00540-021-03005-8 PMID 34651257 Leitlinie.
10. Tran R, Pedersen KM, Kolawole H, Roessler P, Scolaro RJ. Australian and New Zealand Anaesthetic Allergy Group/Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists perioperative anaphylaxis management guideline 2022. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2024;52(3):147-158. doi:10.1177/0310057X231215823 PMID 38587791 Leitlinie.
11. Garvey LH, Dewachter P, Hepner DL, Mertes PM, Voltolini S, Clarke RC, et al.. Management of suspected immediate perioperative allergic reactions: an international overview and consensus recommendations. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2019;123(1):e50-e64. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.044 PMID 31130272 Konsensuspapier.
12. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, Lucas DN, Thomas M, Kemp H, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: management and outcomes in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):172-188. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.015 PMID 29935569 Registerauswertung.
13. Orihara M, Takazawa T, Horiuchi T, Sakamoto S, Nagumo K, Tomita Y, et al.. Comparison of incidence of anaphylaxis between sugammadex and neostigmine: a retrospective multicentre observational study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2020;124(2):154-163. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.10.016 PMID 31791621 Beobachtungsstudie.
14. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al.. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;115(6):827-848. doi:10.1093/bja/aev371 PMID 26556848 Leitlinie.
15. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
16. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
17. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
18. Marshall S. The Use of Cognitive Aids During Emergencies in Anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1162-1171. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829c397b PMID 24029855 Übersichtsarbeit.
19. Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Howard SK. Implementing Emergency Manuals: Can Cognitive Aids Help Translate Best Practices for Patient Care During Acute Events?. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1149-1161. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318298867a PMID 24108251 Übersichtsarbeit.
20. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
21. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
22. Leatherman J. Mechanical Ventilation for Severe Asthma. Chest. 2015;147(6):1671-1680. doi:10.1378/chest.14-1733 PMID 26033128 Übersichtsarbeit.
23. Stather DR, Stewart TE. Clinical review: Mechanical ventilation in severe asthma. Critical Care. 2005;9(6):581. doi:10.1186/cc3733 PMID 16356242 Übersichtsarbeit.
24. Sadleir PHM, Clarke RC, Bunning DL, Platt PR. Anaphylaxis to neuromuscular blocking drugs: incidence and cross-reactivity in Western Australia from 2002 to 2011. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2013;110(6):981-987. doi:10.1093/bja/aes506 PMID 23335568 Kohortenstudie.
25. Lee S, Bellolio MF, Hess EP, Erwin P, Murad MH, Campbell RL. Time of onset and predictors of biphasic anaphylactic reactions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2015;3(3):408-416.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2014.12.010 PMID 25680923 Metaanalyse.
26. Cook TM, Harper NJN, Farmer L, Garcez T, Floss K, Marinho S, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: protocol and methods of the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):124-133. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.001 PMID 29935564 Registerauswertung.
27. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
28. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.
29. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
30. Brokke KE, Graman M, Servaas S, Sierevelt IN, Steegers MAH, Nolte PA. Bone cement implantation syndrome: a scoping review. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025;135(4):1038-1050. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2025.05.041 PMID 40634186 Systematische Übersicht.

Nach der Plazenta Clinical Mystery

1. Knight M, Tuffnell D, Brocklehurst P, Spark P, Kurinczuk JJ. Incidence and risk factors for amniotic-fluid embolism. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010;115(5):910-917. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181d9f629 PMID 20410762 Kohortenstudie.
2. Fitzpatrick KE, Tuffnell D, Kurinczuk JJ, Knight M. Incidence, risk factors, management and outcomes of amniotic-fluid embolism: a population-based cohort and nested case-control study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2016;123(1):100-109. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.13300 PMID 25683758 Kohortenstudie.
3. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pacheco LD, Saade G, Hankins GDV, Clark SL. Amniotic fluid embolism: diagnosis and management. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;215(2):B16-B24. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.012 PMID 26987420 Leitlinie.
4. Clark SL, Romero R, Dildy GA, Callaghan WM, Smiley RM, Bracey AW, et al.. Proposed diagnostic criteria for the case definition of amniotic fluid embolism in research studies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;215(4):408-412. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.06.037 PMID 27372270 Konsensuspapier.
5. Jeejeebhoy FM, Zelop CM, Lipman S, Carvalho B, Joglar JA, Mhyre JM, et al.. Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(18):1747-1773. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000300 PMID 26443610 Konsensuspapier.
6. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, Farmer L, Floss K, Marinho S, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):159-171. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.014 PMID 29935567 Registerauswertung.
7. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
8. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
9. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
10. Charbit B, Mandelbrot L, Samain E, Baron G, Haddaoui B, Keïta H, et al.. The decrease of fibrinogen is an early predictor of the severity of postpartum hemorrhage. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2007;5(2):266-273. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02297.x PMID 17087729 Kohortenstudie.
11. Collins PW, Lilley G, Bruynseels D, Burkett-St Laurent D, Cannings-John R, Precious E, et al.. Fibrin-based clot formation as an early and rapid biomarker for progression of postpartum hemorrhage: a prospective study. Blood. 2014;124(11):1727-1736. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-04-567891 PMID 25024304 Kohortenstudie.
12. Mallaiah S, Barclay P, Harrod I, Chevannes C, Bhalla A. Introduction of an algorithm for ROTEM-guided fibrinogen concentrate administration in major obstetric haemorrhage. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(2):166-175. doi:10.1111/anae.12859 PMID 25289791 Kohortenstudie.
13. Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, et al.. Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(4):226-304. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001803 PMID 36855941 Leitlinie.
14. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2017;389(10084):2105-2116. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4 PMID 28456509 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
15. Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, Shakur-Still H, Ageron FX, Roberts I, et al.. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. The Lancet. 2018;391(10116):125-132. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32455-8 PMID 29126600 Metaanalyse.
16. Annecke T, Lier H, Girard T, Korte W, Pfanner G, Schlembach D, et al.. Peripartale Blutungen, Diagnostik und Therapie: Update der S2k-Leitlinie AWMF 015/063 vom August 2022. Die Anaesthesiologie. 2022;71(12):952-958. doi:10.1007/s00101-022-01224-6 PMID 36434271 Leitlinie.
17. DGGG, OEGGG, SGGG. S2k-Leitlinie Peripartale Blutungen, Diagnostik und Therapie (AWMF-Registernummer 015/063, Version 2.2, August 2022). 2022. Leitlinie.
18. Collins PW, Cannings-John R, Bruynseels D, Mallaiah S, Dick JR, Elton C, et al.. Viscoelastometric-guided early fibrinogen concentrate replacement during postpartum haemorrhage: OBS2, a double-blind randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2017;119(3):411-421. doi:10.1093/bja/aex181 PMID 28969312 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
19. Wikkelsø AJ, Edwards HM, Afshari A, Stensballe J, Langhoff-Roos J, Albrechtsen C, et al.. Pre-emptive treatment with fibrinogen concentrate for postpartum haemorrhage: randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;114(4):623-633. doi:10.1093/bja/aeu444 PMID 25586727 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
20. Dodd AP, Turner P, Soar J, Savic L; UK Perioperative Allergy Network. Emergency treatment of peri-operative anaphylaxis: Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(5):535-541. doi:10.1111/anae.16206 PMID 38205901 Leitlinie.
21. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
22. Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Howard SK. Implementing Emergency Manuals: Can Cognitive Aids Help Translate Best Practices for Patient Care During Acute Events?. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1149-1161. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318298867a PMID 24108251 Übersichtsarbeit.
23. Marshall S. The Use of Cognitive Aids During Emergencies in Anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1162-1171. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829c397b PMID 24029855 Übersichtsarbeit.
24. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
25. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
26. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

Am sechsten Tag Clinical Mystery

1. Fields RG, Gencorelli FJ, Litman RS. Anesthetic management of the pediatric bleeding tonsil. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2010;20(11):982-986. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03426.x PMID 20964765 Kohortenstudie.
2. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
3. Linderkamp O, Versmold HT, Riegel KP, Betke K. Estimation and prediction of blood volume in infants and children. European Journal of Pediatrics. 1977;125(4):227-234. doi:10.1007/BF00493567 PMID 891567 Grundlagenarbeit.
4. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
5. Bhattacharya M, Kallet RH, Ware LB, Matthay MA. Negative-Pressure Pulmonary Edema. Chest. 2016;150(4):927-933. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.043 PMID 27063348 Übersichtsarbeit.
6. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
7. Sümpelmann R, Becke K, Brenner S, Breschan C, Eich C, Höhne C, et al.. Perioperative intravenous fluid therapy in children: guidelines from the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2017;27(1):10-18. doi:10.1111/pan.13007 PMID 27747968 Leitlinie.
8. Frykholm P, Disma N, Andersson H, Beck C, Bouvet L, Cercueil E, et al.. Pre-operative fasting in children: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2022;39(1):4-25. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001599 PMID 34857683 Leitlinie.
9. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
10. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Connis RT, Abdelmalak BB, Agarkar M, Dutton RP, et al.. 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2022;136(1):31-81. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004002 PMID 34762729 Leitlinie.
11. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: Anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):617-631. doi:10.1093/bja/aer058 PMID 21447488 Registerauswertung.
12. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
13. Gavel G, Walker RWM. Laryngospasm in anaesthesia. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain. 2014;14(2):47-51. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt031 Übersichtsarbeit.
14. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al.. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;115(6):827-848. doi:10.1093/bja/aev371 PMID 26556848 Leitlinie.
15. Orliaguet GA, Gall O, Savoldelli GL, Couloigner V, Riou B. Case Scenario: Perianesthetic Management of Laryngospasm in Children. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(2):458-471. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318242aae9 PMID 22222477 Übersichtsarbeit.
16. Hampson-Evans D, Morgan P, Farrar M. Pediatric laryngospasm. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2008;18(4):303-307. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02446.x PMID 18315635 Übersichtsarbeit.
17. Habre W, Disma N, Virág K, Becke K, Hansen TG, Jöhr M, et al.. Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2017;5(5):412-425. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30116-9 PMID 28363725 Beobachtungsstudie.
18. von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Boda K, Chambers NA, Rebmann C, Johnson C, Sly PD, et al.. Risk assessment for respiratory complications in paediatric anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2010;376(9743):773-783. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61193-2 PMID 20816545 Kohortenstudie.
19. Marshall S. The Use of Cognitive Aids During Emergencies in Anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1162-1171. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829c397b PMID 24029855 Übersichtsarbeit.
20. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
21. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
22. Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Howard SK. Implementing Emergency Manuals: Can Cognitive Aids Help Translate Best Practices for Patient Care During Acute Events?. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1149-1161. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318298867a PMID 24108251 Übersichtsarbeit.
23. Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, et al.. Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(4):226-304. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001803 PMID 36855941 Leitlinie.
24. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
25. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.

Der Atemweg, der sich schließt Clinical Mystery

1. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
2. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: Anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):617-631. doi:10.1093/bja/aer058 PMID 21447488 Registerauswertung.
3. Patel A, Nouraei SAR. Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE): a physiological method of increasing apnoea time in patients with difficult airways. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(3):323-329. doi:10.1111/anae.12923 PMID 25388828 Fallserie.
4. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, Farmer L, Floss K, Marinho S, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):159-171. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.014 PMID 29935567 Registerauswertung.
5. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
6. Ahmad I, El-Boghdadly K, Bhagrath R, Hodzovic I, McNarry AF, Mir F, et al.. Difficult Airway Society guidelines for awake tracheal intubation (ATI) in adults. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(4):509-528. doi:10.1111/anae.14904 PMID 31729018 Leitlinie.
7. Ovassapian A, Tuncbilek M, Weitzel EK, Joshi CW. Airway Management in Adult Patients with Deep Neck Infections: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2005;100(2):585-589. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000141526.32741.CF PMID 15673898 Fallserie.
8. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
9. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al.. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;115(6):827-848. doi:10.1093/bja/aev371 PMID 26556848 Leitlinie.
10. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Connis RT, Abdelmalak BB, Agarkar M, Dutton RP, et al.. 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology. 2022;136(1):31-81. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004002 PMID 34762729 Leitlinie.
11. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
12. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
13. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
14. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
15. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
16. Marshall S. The Use of Cognitive Aids During Emergencies in Anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1162-1171. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829c397b PMID 24029855 Übersichtsarbeit.
17. Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Howard SK. Implementing Emergency Manuals: Can Cognitive Aids Help Translate Best Practices for Patient Care During Acute Events?. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1149-1161. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318298867a PMID 24108251 Übersichtsarbeit.
18. Dodd AP, Turner P, Soar J, Savic L; UK Perioperative Allergy Network. Emergency treatment of peri-operative anaphylaxis: Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(5):535-541. doi:10.1111/anae.16206 PMID 38205901 Leitlinie.
19. Annane D, Pastores SM, Rochwerg BN, Arlt W, Balk RA, Beishuizen A, et al.. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients (Part I): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(12):2078-2088. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002737 PMID 28938253 Leitlinie.
20. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
21. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.

Die schnelle Einleitung Clinical Mystery

1. Martyn JAJ, Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states: etiologic factors and molecular mechanisms. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(1):158-169. doi:10.1097/00000542-200601000-00022 PMID 16394702 Übersichtsarbeit.
2. Gronert GA, Theye RA. Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia induced by succinylcholine. Anesthesiology. 1975;43(1):89-99. doi:10.1097/00000542-197507000-00018 PMID 1147311 Übersichtsarbeit.
3. Blanié A, Ract C, Leblanc PE, Cheisson G, Huet O, Laplace C, et al.. The limits of succinylcholine for critically ill patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2012;115(4):873-879. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31825f829d PMID 22763904 Beobachtungsstudie.
4. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al.. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;115(6):827-848. doi:10.1093/bja/aev371 PMID 26556848 Leitlinie.
5. Fuchs-Buder T, Romero CS, Lewald H, Lamperti M, Afshari A, Hristovska AM, et al.. Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(2):82-94. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001769 PMID 36377554 Leitlinie.
6. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
7. Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F, Dhaouadi M, Ricard-Hibon A, Vivien B, et al.. Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2009;374(9686):293-300. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60949-1 PMID 19573904 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
8. Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl CM. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015:CD010225. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010225.pub2 PMID 25568981 Metaanalyse.
9. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
10. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
11. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
12. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al.. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). European Heart Journal. 2018;40(3):237-269. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462 PMID 30165617 Konsensuspapier.
13. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, Farmer L, Floss K, Marinho S, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):159-171. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.014 PMID 29935567 Registerauswertung.
14. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
15. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
16. Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, Fletcher S, Wass J, Tomlinson J, et al.. Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(5):654-663. doi:10.1111/anae.14963 PMID 32017012 Leitlinie.
17. Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, Hahner S, Hamidi O, van Hulsteijn LT, et al.. European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2024;190(5):G25-G51. doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae029 PMID 38714321 Leitlinie.
18. Allolio B. EXTENSIVE EXPERTISE IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Adrenal crisis. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2015;172(3):R115-R124. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0824 PMID 25288693 Übersichtsarbeit.
19. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al.. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Medicine. 2021;47(11):1181-1247. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y PMID 34599691 Leitlinie.
20. Venkatesh B, Finfer S, Cohen J, Rajbhandari D, Arabi YM, Bellomo R, et al.. Adjunctive Glucocorticoid Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(9):797-808. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705835 PMID 29347874 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
21. Annane D, Renault A, Brun-Buisson C, Mégarbane B, Quenot JP, Siami S, et al.. Hydrocortisone plus Fludrocortisone for Adults with Septic Shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(9):809-818. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705716 PMID 29490185 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
22. Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, Barthel A, Don-Wauchope A, Hammer GD, et al.. Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(2):364-389. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1710 PMID 26760044 Leitlinie.
23. Hahner S, Spinnler C, Fassnacht M, Burger-Stritt S, Lang K, Milovanovic D, et al.. High Incidence of Adrenal Crisis in Educated Patients With Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency: A Prospective Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(2):407-416. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3191 PMID 25419882 Kohortenstudie.
24. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
25. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
26. Dodd AP, Turner P, Soar J, Savic L; UK Perioperative Allergy Network. Emergency treatment of peri-operative anaphylaxis: Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(5):535-541. doi:10.1111/anae.16206 PMID 38205901 Leitlinie.
27. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
28. Annane D, Pastores SM, Rochwerg BN, Arlt W, Balk RA, Beishuizen A, et al.. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients (Part I): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(12):2078-2088. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002737 PMID 28938253 Leitlinie.

Halbsitzend Clinical Mystery

1. Ganslandt O, Merkel A, Schmitt HJ, Tzabazis A, Buchfelder M, Eyüpoglu IY, et al.. The sitting position in neurosurgery: indications, complications and results. a single institution experience of 600 cases. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2013;155(10):1887-1893. doi:10.1007/s00701-013-1822-x PMID 23925859 Fallserie.
2. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
3. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
4. Mirski MA, Lele AV, Fitzsimmons L, Toung TJK. Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Air Embolism. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(1):164-177. doi:10.1097/00000542-200701000-00026 PMID 17197859 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Muth CM, Shank ES. Gas Embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000;342(7):476-482. doi:10.1056/NEJM200002173420706 PMID 10675429 Übersichtsarbeit.
6. Brandt L, Artmeier-Brandt U, Brandt KL. Patent foramen ovale, bone cement implantation syndrome and paradoxical embolism: case study and pathophysiological aspects. Die Anaesthesiologie. 2026. doi:10.1007/s00101-026-01706-x PMID 42319467 Fallbericht.
7. Fathi AR, Eshtehardi P, Meier B. Patent foramen ovale and neurosurgery in sitting position: a systematic review. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009;102(5):588-596. doi:10.1093/bja/aep063 PMID 19346525 Systematische Übersicht.
8. Günther F, Frank PN, Nakamura M, Hermann EJ, Palmaers T. Venous air embolism in the sitting position in cranial neurosurgery: incidence and severity according to the used monitoring. Acta Neurochirurgica. 2017;159(2):339-346. doi:10.1007/s00701-016-3034-7 PMID 27896454 Kohortenstudie.
9. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
10. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.
11. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
12. Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: What We Know and How We Act. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2020;13:195-206. doi:10.2147/LRA.S230728 PMID 33177867 Übersichtsarbeit.
13. Mathieu D, Marroni A, Kot J. Tenth European Consensus Conference on Hyperbaric Medicine: recommendations for accepted and non-accepted clinical indications and practice of hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2017;47(1):24-32. doi:10.28920/dhm47.1.24-32 PMID 28357821 Konsensuspapier.
14. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
15. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
16. Strbian D, Tsivgoulis G, Ospel J, Räty S, Cimflova P, Georgiopoulos G, et al.. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy guideline on acute management of basilar artery occlusion. European Stroke Journal. 2024;9(4):835-884. doi:10.1177/23969873241257223 PMID 38752743 Leitlinie.

Zu viel Luft Clinical Mystery

1. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
2. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
3. Pepe PE, Marini JJ. Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: the auto-PEEP effect. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1982;126(1):166-170. doi:10.1164/arrd.1982.126.1.166 PMID 7046541 Grundlagenarbeit.
4. Stather DR, Stewart TE. Clinical review: Mechanical ventilation in severe asthma. Critical Care. 2005;9(6):581. doi:10.1186/cc3733 PMID 16356242 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Tuxen DV, Lane S. The Effects of Ventilatory Pattern on Hyperinflation, Airway Pressures, and Circulation in Mechanical Ventilation of Patients with Severe Air-Flow Obstruction. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1987;136(4):872-879. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/136.4.872 PMID 3662241 Grundlagenarbeit.
6. Leatherman J. Mechanical Ventilation for Severe Asthma. Chest. 2015;147(6):1671-1680. doi:10.1378/chest.14-1733 PMID 26033128 Übersichtsarbeit.
7. Demoule A, Brochard L, Dres M, Heunks L, Jubran A, Laghi F, et al.. How to ventilate obstructive and asthmatic patients. Intensive Care Medicine. 2020;46(12):2436-2449. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06291-0 PMID 33169215 Übersichtsarbeit.
8. Harper NJN, Cook TM, Garcez T, Farmer L, Floss K, Marinho S, et al.. Anaesthesia, surgery, and life-threatening allergic reactions: epidemiology and clinical features of perioperative anaphylaxis in the 6th National Audit Project (NAP6). British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;121(1):159-171. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.014 PMID 29935567 Registerauswertung.
9. Dodd AP, Turner P, Soar J, Savic L; UK Perioperative Allergy Network. Emergency treatment of peri-operative anaphylaxis: Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2024;79(5):535-541. doi:10.1111/anae.16206 PMID 38205901 Leitlinie.
10. Roberts DJ, Leigh-Smith S, Faris PD, Blackmore C, Ball CG, Robertson HL, et al.. Clinical Presentation of Patients With Tension Pneumothorax: A Systematic Review. Annals of Surgery. 2015;261(6):1068-1078. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001073 PMID 25563887 Systematische Übersicht.
11. Leigh-Smith S, Harris T. Tension pneumothorax--time for a re-think?. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2005;22(1):8-16. doi:10.1136/emj.2003.010421 PMID 15611534 Übersichtsarbeit.
12. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
13. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
14. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
15. Reddel HK, Bacharier LB, Bateman ED, Brightling CE, Brusselle G, Buhl R, et al.. Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes. European Respiratory Journal. 2022;59(1):2102730. doi:10.1183/13993003.02730-2021 PMID 34667060 Leitlinie.
16. Woods BD, Sladen RN. Perioperative considerations for the patient with asthma and bronchospasm. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2009;103(Suppl 1):i57-i65. doi:10.1093/bja/aep271 PMID 20007991 Übersichtsarbeit.
17. Kew KM, Kirtchuk L, Michell CI. Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014:CD010909. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010909.pub2 PMID 24865567 Metaanalyse.
18. Agrawal A, Goyal S. Ketamine in status asthmaticus: A review. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2013;17(3):154-161. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.117048 PMID 24082612 Übersichtsarbeit.
19. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
20. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
21. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
22. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.

Nur eine Gallenblase Clinical Mystery

1. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
2. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
3. Fagundes GFC, Almeida MQ. Perioperative Management of Pheochromocytomas and Sympathetic Paragangliomas. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2022;6(2):bvac004. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac004 PMID 35128297 Übersichtsarbeit.
4. Whitelaw BC, Prague JK, Mustafa OG, Schulte KM, Hopkins PA, Gilbert JA, et al.. Phaeochromocytoma crisis. Clinical Endocrinology. 2014;80(1):13-22. doi:10.1111/cen.12324 PMID 24102156 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Lenders JWM, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SKG, Murad MH, et al.. Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(6):1915-1942. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1498 PMID 24893135 Leitlinie.
6. Sibal L, Jovanovic A, Agarwal SC, Peaston RT, James RA, Lennard TWJ, et al.. Phaeochromocytomas presenting as acute crises after beta blockade therapy. Clinical Endocrinology. 2006;65(2):186-190. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02571.x PMID 16886958 Fallserie.
7. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
8. Rosenberg H, Pollock N, Schiemann A, Bulger T, Stowell K. Malignant hyperthermia: a review. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2015;10:93. doi:10.1186/s13023-015-0310-1 PMID 26238698 Übersichtsarbeit.
9. Larach MG, Localio AR, Allen GC, Denborough MA, Ellis FR, Gronert GA, et al.. A clinical grading scale to predict malignant hyperthermia susceptibility. Anesthesiology. 1994;80(4):771-779. doi:10.1097/00000542-199404000-00008 PMID 8024130 Konsensuspapier.
10. Giavarini A, Chédid A, Bobrie G, Plouin PF, Hagège A, Amar L. Acute catecholamine cardiomyopathy in patients with phaeochromocytoma or functional paraganglioma. Heart. 2013;99(19):1438-1444. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304073 PMID 23837998 Kohortenstudie.
11. James MFM, Cronjé L. Pheochromocytoma Crisis: The Use of Magnesium Sulfate. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2004;99(3):680-686. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133136.01381.52 PMID 15333393 Fallserie.
12. Glahn KPE, Girard T, Hellblom A, Hopkins PM, Johannsen S, Rüffert H, et al.. Recognition and management of a malignant hyperthermia crisis: updated 2024 guideline from the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025;134(1):221-223. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.09.022 PMID 39482150 Leitlinie.
13. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
14. Lenders JWM, Kerstens MN, Amar L, Prejbisz A, Robledo M, Taieb D, et al.. Genetics, diagnosis, management and future directions of research of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 2020;38(8):1443-1456. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002438 PMID 32412940 Konsensuspapier.
15. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
16. Buitenwerf E, Osinga TE, Timmers HJLM, Lenders JWM, Feelders RA, Eekhoff EMW, et al.. Efficacy of α-Blockers on Hemodynamic Control during Pheochromocytoma Resection: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;105(7):2381-2391. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz188 PMID 31714582 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
17. Groeben H, Nottebaum BJ, Alesina PF, Traut A, Neumann HP, Walz MK. Perioperative α-receptor blockade in phaeochromocytoma surgery: an observational case series. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2017;118(2):182-189. doi:10.1093/bja/aew392 PMID 28100521 Beobachtungsstudie.
18. Groeben H, Walz MK, Nottebaum BJ, Alesina PF, Greenwald A, Schumann R, et al.. International multicentre review of perioperative management and outcome for catecholamine-producing tumours. British Journal of Surgery. 2020;107(2):e170-e178. doi:10.1002/bjs.11378 PMID 31903598 Kohortenstudie.
19. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
20. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.

Der Patient wacht nicht auf Clinical Mystery

1. Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: What We Know and How We Act. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2020;13:195-206. doi:10.2147/LRA.S230728 PMID 33177867 Übersichtsarbeit.
2. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, Annane D, Ball S, Bichet D, et al.. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2014;170(3):G1-G47. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-1020 PMID 24569125 Leitlinie.
3. Fuchs-Buder T, Romero CS, Lewald H, Lamperti M, Afshari A, Hristovska AM, et al.. Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(2):82-94. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001769 PMID 36377554 Leitlinie.
4. Thilen SR, Weigel WA, Todd MM, Dutton RP, Lien CA, Grant SA, et al.. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Monitoring and Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuromuscular Blockade. Anesthesiology. 2023;138(1):13-41. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000004379 PMID 36520073 Leitlinie.
5. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Greenberg SB, Avram MJ, Vender JS. Residual Neuromuscular Blockade and Critical Respiratory Events in the Postanesthesia Care Unit. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2008;107(1):130-137. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31816d1268 PMID 18635478 Beobachtungsstudie.
6. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
7. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al.. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;115(6):827-848. doi:10.1093/bja/aev371 PMID 26556848 Leitlinie.
8. Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Pharmacological management of anticholinergic delirium–theory, evidence and practice. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2016;81(3):516-524. doi:10.1111/bcp.12839 PMID 26589572 Übersichtsarbeit.
9. Strbian D, Tsivgoulis G, Ospel J, Räty S, Cimflova P, Georgiopoulos G, et al.. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Minimally Invasive Neurological Therapy guideline on acute management of basilar artery occlusion. European Stroke Journal. 2024;9(4):835-884. doi:10.1177/23969873241257223 PMID 38752743 Leitlinie.
10. Mashour GA, Shanks AM, Kheterpal S. Perioperative Stroke and Associated Mortality after Noncardiac, Nonneurologic Surgery. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(6):1289-1296. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318216e7f4 PMID 21478735 Registerauswertung.
11. Mrkobrada M, Chan MTV, Cowan D, Campbell D, Wang CY, Torres D, et al.. Perioperative covert stroke in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (NeuroVISION): a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2019;394(10203):1022-1029. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31795-7 PMID 31422895 Kohortenstudie.
12. Vlisides PE, Moore LE, Whalin MK, Robicsek SA, Gelb AW, Lele AV, et al.. Perioperative Care of Patients at High Risk for Stroke During or After Non-cardiac, Non-neurological Surgery: 2020 Guidelines From the Society for Neuroscience in Anesthesiology and Critical Care. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2020;32(3):210-226. doi:10.1097/ANA.0000000000000686 PMID 32433102 Leitlinie.
13. Jovin TG, Li C, Wu L, Wu C, Chen J, Jiang C, et al.. Trial of Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke Due to Basilar-Artery Occlusion. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(15):1373-1384. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2207576 PMID 36239645 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
14. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
15. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
16. Tao C, Nogueira RG, Zhu Y, Sun J, Han H, Yuan G, et al.. Trial of Endovascular Treatment of Acute Basilar-Artery Occlusion. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022;387(15):1361-1372. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206317 PMID 36239644 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
17. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
18. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
19. Arriaga AF, Bader AM, Wong JM, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Ziewacz JE, et al.. Simulation-Based Trial of Surgical-Crisis Checklists. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(3):246-253. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1204720 PMID 23323901 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
20. Marshall S. The Use of Cognitive Aids During Emergencies in Anesthesia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1162-1171. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829c397b PMID 24029855 Übersichtsarbeit.
21. Goldhaber-Fiebert SN, Howard SK. Implementing Emergency Manuals: Can Cognitive Aids Help Translate Best Practices for Patient Care During Acute Events?. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2013;117(5):1149-1161. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318298867a PMID 24108251 Übersichtsarbeit.
22. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
23. Leitinger M, Trinka E, Gardella E, Rohracher A, Kalss G, Qerama E, et al.. Diagnostic accuracy of the Salzburg EEG criteria for non-convulsive status epilepticus: a retrospective study. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(10):1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30137-5 PMID 27571157 Beobachtungsstudie.

Nur eine Miktionssynkope? Clinical Mystery

1. Komatsu K, Sumiyoshi M, Abe H, Kohno R, Hayashi H, Sekita G, et al.. Clinical Characteristics of Defecation Syncope Compared With Micturition Syncope. Circulation Journal. 2010;74(2):307-311. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-09-0421 PMID 20032564 Kohortenstudie.
2. Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, Deharo JC, Elliott P, Fanciulli A, et al.. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(21):1883-1948. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy037 PMID 29562304 Leitlinie.
3. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, Ciammaichella M, Perlati M, Mumoli N, et al.. Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism among Patients Hospitalized for Syncope. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(16):1524-1531. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1602172 PMID 27797317 Kohortenstudie.
4. Costantino G, Ruwald MH, Quinn J, Camargo CA, Dalgaard F, Gislason G, et al.. Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With Syncope. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2018;178(3):356-362. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.8175 PMID 29379959 Kohortenstudie.
5. Badertscher P, du Fay de Lavallaz J, Hammerer-Lercher A, Nestelberger T, Zimmermann T, Geiger M, et al.. Prevalence of Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With Syncope. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2019;74(6):744-754. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.020 PMID 31395124 Kohortenstudie.
6. Barco S, Ende-Verhaar YM, Becattini C, Jiménez D, Lankeit M, Huisman MV, et al.. Differential impact of syncope on the prognosis of patients with acute pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(47):4186-4195. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy631 PMID 30339253 Metaanalyse.
7. Konstantinides S, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, et al.. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European Heart Journal. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 PMID 31504429 Leitlinie.
8. Creager MA, Barnes GD, Giri J, Mukherjee D, Jones WS, Burnett AE, et al.. 2026 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ACEP/CHEST/SCAI/SHM/SIR/SVM/SVN Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2026;87(13):1626-1710. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.11.005 PMID 41712898 Leitlinie.
9. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al.. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). European Heart Journal. 2018;40(3):237-269. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462 PMID 30165617 Konsensuspapier.
10. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al.. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2023;44(38):3720-3826. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 PMID 37622654 Leitlinie.
11. Righini M, van Es J, den Exter PL, Roy PM, Verschuren F, Ghuysen A, et al.. Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Cutoff Levels to Rule Out Pulmonary Embolism. JAMA. 2014;311(11):1117. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2135 PMID 24643601 Diagnostische Studie.
12. McConnell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, Come PC, Goldhaber SZ, Lee R. Regional Right Ventricular Dysfunction Detected by Echocardiography in Acute Pulmonary Embolism. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996;78(4):469-473. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00339-6 PMID 8752195 Diagnostische Studie.
13. Fields JM, Davis J, Girson L, Au A, Potts J, Morgan CJ, et al.. Transthoracic Echocardiography for Diagnosing Pulmonary Embolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2017;30(7):714-723.e4. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2017.03.004 PMID 28495379 Metaanalyse.
14. Rosenfield K, Klok FA, Piazza G, Sharp A, Ní Áinle F, Jaff MR, et al.. Ultrasound-Facilitated, Catheter-Directed Fibrinolysis for Acute Pulmonary Embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2026;394(20):1979-1990. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2516567 PMID 41910345 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
15. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
16. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
17. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
18. Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, Agnelli G, Becattini C, Beyer-Westendorf J, et al.. Fibrinolysis for Patients with Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;370(15):1402-1411. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1302097 PMID 24716681 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
19. Javaudin F, Lascarrou JB, Le Bastard Q, Bourry Q, Latour C, De Carvalho H, et al.. Thrombolysis During Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Caused by Pulmonary Embolism Increases 30-Day Survival. CHEST. 2019;156(6):1167-1175. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.07.015 PMID 31381884 Kohortenstudie.
20. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
21. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
22. van der Hulle T, Cheung W, Kooij S, Beenen LFM, van Bemmel T, van Es J, et al.. Simplified diagnostic management of suspected pulmonary embolism (the YEARS study): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. The Lancet. 2017;390(10091):289-297. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30885-1 PMID 28549662 Diagnostische Studie.
23. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.
24. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Couper K, Deakin CD, Djärv T, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021;161:115-151. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.010 PMID 33773825 Leitlinie.
25. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
26. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
27. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
28. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

ST-Veränderung, also Herzkatheter? Clinical Mystery

1. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al.. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). European Heart Journal. 2018;40(3):237-269. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462 PMID 30165617 Konsensuspapier.
2. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al.. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2023;44(38):3720-3826. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 PMID 37622654 Leitlinie.
3. Hagan P, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, Bruckman D, Karavite D, Russman P, et al.. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). JAMA. 2000;283(7):897. doi:10.1001/jama.283.7.897 PMID 10685714 Kohortenstudie.
4. Evangelista A, Isselbacher EM, Bossone E, Gleason TG, Di Eusanio M, Sechtem U, et al.. Insights From the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. Circulation. 2018;137(17):1846-1860. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031264 PMID 29685932 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Pape L, Awais M, Woznicki EM, Suzuki T, Trimarchi S, Evangelista A, et al.. Presentation, Diagnosis, and Outcomes of Acute Aortic Dissection. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2015;66(4):350-358. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.029 PMID 26205591 Kohortenstudie.
6. Mazzolai L, Teixidó-Turà G, Lanzi S, Boc V, Bossone E, Brodmann M, et al.. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases. European Heart Journal. 2024;45(36):3538-3700. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae179 PMID 39210722 Leitlinie.
7. Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Black JH, Augoustides J, Beck AW, Bolen MA, et al.. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;146(24):e334-e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106 PMID 36322642 Leitlinie.
8. Rogers AM, Hermann LK, Booher AM, Nienaber CA, Williams DM, Kazerooni EA, et al.. Sensitivity of the Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score, a Novel Guideline-Based Tool for Identification of Acute Aortic Dissection at Initial Presentation. Circulation. 2011;123(20):2213-2218. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.988568 PMID 21555704 Diagnostische Studie.
9. Nazerian P, Mueller CE, Soeiro AM, Leidel BA, Salvadeo SAT, Giachino F, et al.. Diagnostic Accuracy of the Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score Plus D-Dimer for Acute Aortic Syndromes. Circulation. 2018;137(3):250-258. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029457 PMID 29030346 Diagnostische Studie.
10. Nazerian P, Mueller CE, Vanni S, Soeiro AM, Leidel BA, Cerini G, et al.. Integration of transthoracic focused cardiac ultrasound in the diagnostic algorithm for suspected acute aortic syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2019;40(24):1952-1960. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz207 PMID 31226214 Diagnostische Studie.
11. Hansen MS, Nogareda GJ, Hutchison SJ. Frequency of and Inappropriate Treatment of Misdiagnosis of Acute Aortic Dissection. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2007;99(6):852-856. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.055 PMID 17350381 Kohortenstudie.
12. Konstantinides S, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, et al.. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European Heart Journal. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 PMID 31504429 Leitlinie.
13. Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, Agnelli G, Becattini C, Beyer-Westendorf J, et al.. Fibrinolysis for Patients with Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;370(15):1402-1411. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1302097 PMID 24716681 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
14. Flower L, Arrowsmith JE, Bewley J, Cook S, Cooper GJ, Flower J, et al.. Management of acute aortic dissection in critical care. Journal of the Intensive Care Society. 2023;24(4):409-418. doi:10.1177/17511437231162219 PMID 37841293 Übersichtsarbeit.
15. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
16. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
17. Harris KM, Nienaber CA, Peterson MD, Woznicki EM, Braverman AC, Trimarchi S, et al.. Early Mortality in Type A Acute Aortic Dissection. JAMA Cardiology. 2022;7(10):1009. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2022.2718 PMID 36001309 Kohortenstudie.
18. Gilon D, Korach A, Carbone A, Evangelista A, Brinster DR, Estrera AL, et al.. Cardiac Tamponade Complicating Type A Acute Aortic Dissection. JACC: Advances. 2025;4(4):101632. doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.101632 PMID 39999651 Kohortenstudie.
19. Gilon D, Mehta RH, Oh JK, Januzzi JL, Bossone E, Cooper JV, et al.. Characteristics and In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients With Cardiac Tamponade Complicating Type A Acute Aortic Dissection. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2009;103(7):1029-1031. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.12.013 PMID 19327436 Kohortenstudie.
20. Isselbacher EM, Cigarroa JE, Eagle KA. Cardiac tamponade complicating proximal aortic dissection. Is pericardiocentesis harmful?. Circulation. 1994;90(5):2375-2378. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.90.5.2375 PMID 7955196 Fallserie.
21. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
22. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation. 2021;161:152-219. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.011 PMID 33773826 Leitlinie.
23. Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, et al.. Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(4):226-304. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001803 PMID 36855941 Leitlinie.
24. Righini M, van Es J, den Exter PL, Roy PM, Verschuren F, Ghuysen A, et al.. Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Cutoff Levels to Rule Out Pulmonary Embolism. JAMA. 2014;311(11):1117. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2135 PMID 24643601 Diagnostische Studie.
25. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
26. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

Die Patientin hat doch Migräne Clinical Mystery

1. Kowalski RG, et al.. Initial Misdiagnosis and Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. JAMA. 2004;291(7):866. doi:10.1001/jama.291.7.866 PMID 14970066 Kohortenstudie.
2. Vermeulen MJ, Schull MJ. Missed Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Emergency Department. Stroke. 2007;38(4):1216-1221. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000259661.05525.9a PMID 17322078 Kohortenstudie.
3. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
4. Polmear A. Sentinel Headaches in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: What is the True Incidence? A Systematic Review. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(10):935-941. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00596.x PMID 14984225 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti MLA, Bullard MJ, Hohl CM, Sutherland J, et al.. Clinical Decision Rules to Rule Out Subarachnoid Hemorrhage for Acute Headache. JAMA. 2013;310(12):1248. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.278018 PMID 24065011 Diagnostische Studie.
6. Perry JJ, Sivilotti MLA, Sutherland J, Hohl CM, Émond M, Calder LA, et al.. Validation of the Ottawa Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Rule in patients with acute headache. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2017;189(45):E1379-E1385. doi:10.1503/cmaj.170072 PMID 29133539 Diagnostische Studie.
7. Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti MLA, Bullard MJ, Émond M, Symington C, et al.. Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011;343:d4277. doi:10.1136/bmj.d4277 PMID 21768192 Diagnostische Studie.
8. Dubosh NM, Bellolio MF, Rabinstein AA, Edlow JA. Sensitivity of Early Brain Computed Tomography to Exclude Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2016;47(3):750-755. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011386 PMID 26797666 Metaanalyse.
9. Hoh BL, Ko N, Amin-Hanjani S, Chou S, Cruz-Flores S, Dangayach N, et al.. 2023 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023;54(7):e314-e370. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000436 PMID 37212182 Leitlinie.
10. Ohkuma H, Tsurutani H, Suzuki S. Incidence and Significance of Early Aneurysmal Rebleeding Before Neurosurgical or Neurological Management. Stroke. 2001;32(5):1176-1180. doi:10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1176 PMID 11340229 Kohortenstudie.
11. Pickard JD, Murray G, Illingworth RD, Shaw MDM, Teasdale GM, Foy PM, et al.. Effect of Oral Nimodipine on Cerebral Infarction and Outcome after Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: British Aneurysm Nimodipine Trial. BMJ. 1989;298(6674):636-642. doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6674.636 PMID 2496789 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
12. Post R, Germans MR, Tjerkstra MA, Vergouwen MDI, Jellema K, Koot RW, et al.. Ultra-early tranexamic acid after subarachnoid haemorrhage (ULTRA): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2021;397(10269):112-118. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32518-6 PMID 33357465 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
13. Hunt WE, Hess R. Surgical Risk as Related to Time of Intervention in the Repair of Intracranial Aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1968;28(1):14-20. doi:10.3171/jns.1968.28.1.0014 PMID 5635959 Kohortenstudie.
14. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
15. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
16. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
17. Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl CM. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015:CD010225. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010225.pub2 PMID 25568981 Metaanalyse.
18. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
19. van der Bilt IAC, Hasan D, Vandertop WP, Wilde AAM, Algra A, Visser FC, et al.. Impact of cardiac complications on outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2009;72(7):635-642. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000342471.07290.07 PMID 19221297 Metaanalyse.
20. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al.. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(22):2032-2046. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076 PMID 29850871 Konsensuspapier.
21. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al.. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). European Heart Journal. 2018;40(3):237-269. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462 PMID 30165617 Konsensuspapier.
22. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al.. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2023;44(38):3720-3826. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 PMID 37622654 Leitlinie.
23. Treggiari MM, Rabinstein AA, Busl KM, Caylor MM, Citerio G, Deem S, et al.. Guidelines for the Neurocritical Care Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care. 2023;39(1):1-28. doi:10.1007/s12028-023-01713-5 PMID 37202712 Leitlinie.
24. van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupová O, Esposito S, Klein M, Kloek AT, et al.. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2016;22(Suppl 3):S37-S62. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.007 PMID 27062097 Leitlinie.
25. Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F, Dhaouadi M, Ricard-Hibon A, Vivien B, et al.. Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2009;374(9686):293-300. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60949-1 PMID 19573904 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
26. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
27. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
28. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
29. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

42 Grad Clinical Mystery

1. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The Serotonin Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352(11):1112-1120. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041867 PMID 15784664 Übersichtsarbeit.
2. Scotton WJ, Hill LJ, Williams AC, Barnes NM. Serotonin Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Potential Future Directions. International Journal of Tryptophan Research. 2019;12:1178646919873925. doi:10.1177/1178646919873925 PMID 31523132 Übersichtsarbeit.
3. Dunkley EJC, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson A, Whyte IM. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM. 2003;96(9):635-642. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg109 PMID 12925718 Diagnostische Studie.
4. Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(1):62-72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801327 PMID 19571284 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Gurrera RJ, Caroff SN, Cohen AL, Carroll BT, DeRoos FJ, Francis AJP, et al.. An International Consensus Study of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria Using the Delphi Method. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2011;72(9):1222-1228. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m06438 PMID 21733489 Konsensus.
6. van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupová O, Esposito S, Klein M, Kloek AT, et al.. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2016;22(Suppl 3):S37-S62. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.007 PMID 27062097 Leitlinie.
7. Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Pharmacological management of anticholinergic delirium–theory, evidence and practice. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2016;81(3):516-524. doi:10.1111/bcp.12839 PMID 26589572 Übersichtsarbeit.
8. Hall AP, Henry JA. Acute toxic effects of 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2006;96(6):678-685. doi:10.1093/bja/ael078 PMID 16595612 Übersichtsarbeit.
9. Epstein Y, Yanovich R. Heatstroke. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(25):2449-2459. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1810762 PMID 31216400 Übersichtsarbeit.
10. Lee LA, Caplan RA, Stephens LS, Posner KL, Terman GW, Voepel-Lewis T, et al.. Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(3):659-665. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000564 PMID 25536092 Registerauswertung.
11. Martyn JAJ, Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states: etiologic factors and molecular mechanisms. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(1):158-169. doi:10.1097/00000542-200601000-00022 PMID 16394702 Übersichtsarbeit.
12. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
13. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
14. Glahn KPE, Girard T, Hellblom A, Hopkins PM, Johannsen S, Rüffert H, et al.. Recognition and management of a malignant hyperthermia crisis: updated 2024 guideline from the European Malignant Hyperthermia Group. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2025;134(1):221-223. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2024.09.022 PMID 39482150 Leitlinie.
15. Zhang Y, Davis JK, Casa DJ, Bishop PA. Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2015;47(11):2464-2472. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000693 PMID 25910052 Metaanalyse.
16. Douma MJ, Aves T, Allan KS, Bendall J, Berry DC, Chang WT, et al.. First aid cooling techniques for heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2020;148:173-190. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.01.007 PMID 31981710 Metaanalyse.
17. Klingler W, Roewer N, Schuster F, Wappler F. S1-Leitlinie: Therapie der malignen Hyperthermie (AWMF 001-008). Anästhesiologie & Intensivmedizin. 2018;59:204-208. Leitlinie.
18. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
19. Hopkins PM, Girard T, Dalay S, Jenkins B, Thacker A, Patteril M, et al.. Malignant hyperthermia 2020: Guideline from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(5):655-664. doi:10.1111/anae.15317 PMID 33399225 Leitlinie.
20. Bouchama A, Cafege A, Devol EB, Labdi O, El-Assil K, Seraj M. Ineffectiveness of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of heatstroke. Critical Care Medicine. 1991;19(2):176-180. doi:10.1097/00003246-199102000-00011 PMID 1989755 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
21. Reulbach U, Dütsch C, Biermann T, Sperling W, Thuerauf N, Kornhuber J, et al.. Managing an effective treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Critical Care. 2007;11(1):R4. doi:10.1186/cc5148 PMID 17222339 Übersichtsarbeit.
22. Strawn JR, Keck PE, Caroff SN. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):870-876. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.870 PMID 17541044 Übersichtsarbeit.
23. Graudins A, Stearman A, Chan BSH. Treatment of the serotonin syndrome with cyproheptadine. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998;16(4):615-619. doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(98)00057-2 PMID 9696181 Fallserie.
24. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
25. Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, et al.. Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(4):226-304. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001803 PMID 36855941 Leitlinie.
26. Ramsay RR, Dunford C, Gillman PK. Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2007;152(6):946-951. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430 PMID 17721552 Grundlagenarbeit (In-vitro-Studie).
27. Moore TJ, Walsh CS, Cohen MR. Reported adverse event cases of methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine products. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164(11):1192. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.11.1192 PMID 15197044 Registerauswertung.
28. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
29. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
30. Bouchama A, Abuyassin B, Lehé C, Laitano O, Jay O, O'Connor FG. Classic and exertional heatstroke. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2022;8(1):8. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00334-6 PMID 35115565 Übersichtsarbeit.
31. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
32. Gronert GA, Theye RA. Pathophysiology of hyperkalemia induced by succinylcholine. Anesthesiology. 1975;43(1):89-99. doi:10.1097/00000542-197507000-00018 PMID 1147311 Übersichtsarbeit.
33. Blanié A, Ract C, Leblanc PE, Cheisson G, Huet O, Laplace C, et al.. The limits of succinylcholine for critically ill patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2012;115(4):873-879. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31825f829d PMID 22763904 Beobachtungsstudie.
34. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.

Schock und Fieber Clinical Mystery

1. Allolio B. EXTENSIVE EXPERTISE IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Adrenal crisis. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2015;172(3):R115-R124. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0824 PMID 25288693 Übersichtsarbeit.
2. Hahner S, Spinnler C, Fassnacht M, Burger-Stritt S, Lang K, Milovanovic D, et al.. High Incidence of Adrenal Crisis in Educated Patients With Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency: A Prospective Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(2):407-416. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3191 PMID 25419882 Kohortenstudie.
3. Beuschlein F, Else T, Bancos I, Hahner S, Hamidi O, van Hulsteijn LT, et al.. European Society of Endocrinology and Endocrine Society Joint Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2024;190(5):G25-G51. doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae029 PMID 38714321 Leitlinie.
4. Woodcock T, Barker P, Daniel S, Fletcher S, Wass J, Tomlinson J, et al.. Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri-operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(5):654-663. doi:10.1111/anae.14963 PMID 32017012 Leitlinie.
5. Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H. Adrenal Crisis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(9):852-861. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1807486 PMID 31461595 Übersichtsarbeit.
6. Puar THK, Stikkelbroeck NMML, Smans LCCJ, Zelissen PMJ, Hermus ARMM. Adrenal Crisis: Still a Deadly Event in the 21st Century. The American Journal of Medicine. 2016;129(3):339.e1-339.e9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.021 PMID 26363354 Übersichtsarbeit.
7. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al.. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Medicine. 2021;47(11):1181-1247. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y PMID 34599691 Leitlinie.
8. Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, Barthel A, Don-Wauchope A, Hammer GD, et al.. Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2016;101(2):364-389. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1710 PMID 26760044 Leitlinie.
9. Arlt W, Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee. SOCIETY FOR ENDOCRINOLOGY ENDOCRINE EMERGENCY GUIDANCE: Emergency management of acute adrenal insufficiency (adrenal crisis) in adult patients. Endocrine Connections. 2016;5(5):G1-G3. doi:10.1530/EC-16-0054 PMID 27935813 Leitlinie.
10. Annane D, Pastores SM, Rochwerg BN, Arlt W, Balk RA, Beishuizen A, et al.. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) in Critically Ill Patients (Part I): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017. Critical Care Medicine. 2017;45(12):2078-2088. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002737 PMID 28938253 Leitlinie.
11. Venkatesh B, Finfer S, Cohen J, Rajbhandari D, Arabi YM, Bellomo R, et al.. Adjunctive Glucocorticoid Therapy in Patients with Septic Shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(9):797-808. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705835 PMID 29347874 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
12. Annane D, Renault A, Brun-Buisson C, Mégarbane B, Quenot JP, Siami S, et al.. Hydrocortisone plus Fludrocortisone for Adults with Septic Shock. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018;378(9):809-818. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1705716 PMID 29490185 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
13. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
14. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
15. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
16. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
17. Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl CM. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015:CD010225. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010225.pub2 PMID 25568981 Metaanalyse.
18. Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F, Dhaouadi M, Ricard-Hibon A, Vivien B, et al.. Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2009;374(9686):293-300. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60949-1 PMID 19573904 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
19. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, Annane D, Ball S, Bichet D, et al.. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2014;170(3):G1-G47. doi:10.1530/EJE-13-1020 PMID 24569125 Leitlinie.
20. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
21. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
22. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
23. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

Die Sättigung steigt nicht Clinical Mystery

1. Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM. Acquired methemoglobinemia. Medicine. 2004;83(5):265-273. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000141096.00377.3f PMID 15342970 Fallserie.
2. Cortazzo JA, Lichtman AD. Methemoglobinemia: a review and recommendations for management. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2013;28(4):1043-1047. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2013.02.005 PMID 23953868 Übersichtsarbeit.
3. Rosen PJ, Johnson CS, McGehee W, Beutler E. Failure of methylene blue treatment in toxic methemoglobinemia. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1971;75(1):83-86. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-75-1-83 PMID 5091568 Fallbericht.
4. Guay J. Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2009;108(3):837-845. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318187c4b1 PMID 19224791 Systematische Übersicht.
5. Barker SJ, Tremper KK, Hyatt J. Effects of methemoglobinemia on pulse oximetry and mixed venous oximetry. Anesthesiology. 1989;70(1):112-117. doi:10.1097/00000542-198901000-00021 PMID 2912291 Tierexperimentelle Studie.
6. Feiner J, Bickler PE, Mannheimer PD. Accuracy of methemoglobin detection by pulse CO-oximetry during hypoxia. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2010;111(1):143-148. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181c91bb6 PMID 20007731 Diagnostische Studie.
7. Sjoding MW, Dickson RP, Iwashyna TJ, Gay SE, Valley TS. Racial bias in pulse oximetry measurement. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;383(25):2477-2478. doi:10.1056/nejmc2029240 PMID 33326721 Kohortenstudie (Research Letter).
8. Iolascon A, Bianchi PI, Andolfo I, Russo R, Barcellini W, Fermo E, et al.. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of methemoglobinemia. American Journal of Hematology. 2021;96(12):1666-1678. doi:10.1002/ajh.26340 PMID 34467556 Konsensuspapier.
9. Lee LA, Caplan RA, Stephens LS, Posner KL, Terman GW, Voepel-Lewis T, et al.. Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(3):659-665. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000564 PMID 25536092 Registerauswertung.
10. Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: What We Know and How We Act. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2020;13:195-206. doi:10.2147/LRA.S230728 PMID 33177867 Übersichtsarbeit.
11. Rzasa Lynn R, Galinkin JL. Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2017;9(1):63-88. doi:10.1177/2042098617744161 PMID 29318006 Übersichtsarbeit.
12. Righini M, van Es J, den Exter PL, Roy PM, Verschuren F, Ghuysen A, et al.. Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Cutoff Levels to Rule Out Pulmonary Embolism. JAMA. 2014;311(11):1117. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2135 PMID 24643601 Diagnostische Studie.
13. Konstantinides S, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, et al.. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European Heart Journal. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 PMID 31504429 Leitlinie.
14. Vasters FG, Eberhart LHJ, Koch T, Kranke P, Wulf H, Morin A. Risk factors for prilocaine-induced methaemoglobinaemia following peripheral regional anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2006;23(9):760-765. doi:10.1017/s0265021506000913 PMID 16723054 Kohortenstudie.
15. Moore TJ, Walsh CS, Cohen MR. Reported adverse event cases of methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine products. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004;164(11):1192. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.11.1192 PMID 15197044 Registerauswertung.
16. Mudan A, Repplinger D, Lebin JA, Lewis JC, Vohra RB, Smollin CG. Severe methemoglobinemia and death from intentional sodium nitrite ingestions. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;59(3):e85-e88. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.031 PMID 32713620 Fallserie.
17. Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu P, Arens AM, Babu KM, Cao D, Hoffman RS, et al.. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning. Circulation. 2023;148(16):e149-e184. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001161 PMID 37721023 Leitlinie.
18. Hammami MB, Qasim A, Thakur R, Vegivinti CTR, Patton CD, Vikash S, et al.. Rasburicase-induced hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia: a systematic review of current reports. Annals of Hematology. 2023;103(9):3399-3411. doi:10.1007/s00277-023-05364-6 PMID 37468669 Systematische Übersicht.
19. Ramsay RR, Dunford C, Gillman PK. Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2007;152(6):946-951. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430 PMID 17721552 Grundlagenarbeit (In-vitro-Studie).
20. Dunkley EJC, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson A, Whyte IM. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM. 2003;96(9):635-642. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg109 PMID 12925718 Diagnostische Studie.
21. Keats KR, Robinson RM, Patel MP, Wallace A, Albrecht S. Ascorbic acid for methemoglobinemia treatment: a case report and literature review. Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2023;37(4):1015-1020. doi:10.1177/08971900231188834 PMID 37421600 Fallbericht mit Literaturübersicht.
22. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
23. El-Boghdadly K, Pawa A, Chin KJ. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: current perspectives. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2018;11:35-44. doi:10.2147/LRA.S154512 PMID 30122981 Übersichtsarbeit.
24. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
25. Khanna AK, Bergese SD, Jungquist CR, Morimatsu H, Uezono S, Lee S, et al.. Prediction of opioid-induced respiratory depression on inpatient wards using continuous capnography and oximetry: an international prospective, observational trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2020;131(4):1012-1024. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004788 PMID 32925318 Kohortenstudie.
26. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
27. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, Greenberg SB, Avram MJ, Vender JS. Residual Neuromuscular Blockade and Critical Respiratory Events in the Postanesthesia Care Unit. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2008;107(1):130-137. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31816d1268 PMID 18635478 Beobachtungsstudie.
28. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
29. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

Bein geschwollen, Sono negativ Clinical Mystery

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2. Kibbe MR, Ujiki M, Goodwin AL, Eskandari MK, Yao JST, Matsumura JS. Iliac vein compression in an asymptomatic patient population. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2004;39(5):937-943. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2003.12.032 PMID 15111841 Querschnittsstudie (Bildgebung).
3. Chan WS, Spencer FA, Ginsberg JS. Anatomic distribution of deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2010;182(7):657-660. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091692 PMID 20351121 Systematische Übersicht.
4. Chan WS, Spencer FA, Lee AYY, Chunilal SD, Douketis JD, Rodger MA, et al.. Safety of withholding anticoagulation in pregnant women with suspected deep vein thrombosis following negative serial compression ultrasound and iliac vein imaging. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2013;185(4):E194-E200. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120895 PMID 23318405 Diagnostische Studie.
5. Dronkers CEA, Šrámek A, Huisman MV, Klok FA. Accurate diagnosis of iliac vein thrombosis in pregnancy with magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI). BMJ Case Reports. 2016;2016:bcr2016218091. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218091 PMID 27965311 Fallbericht.
6. Righini M, Jobic C, Boehlen F, Broussaud J, Becker F, Jaffrelot M, et al.. Predicting deep venous thrombosis in pregnancy: external validation of the LEFT clinical prediction rule. Haematologica. 2012;98(4):545-548. doi:10.3324/haematol.2012.072009 PMID 23065510 Diagnostische Studie.
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8. van der Pol LM, Tromeur C, Bistervels IM, Ní Áinle F, van Bemmel T, Bertoletti L, et al.. Pregnancy-adapted YEARS algorithm for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(12):1139-1149. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1813865 PMID 30893534 Diagnostische Managementstudie.
9. Lim W, Le Gal G, Bates SM, Righini M, Haramati LB, Lang E, et al.. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. Blood Advances. 2018;2(22):3226-3256. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2018024828 PMID 30482764 Leitlinie.
10. Le Gal G, Kercret G, Ben Yahmed K, Bressollette L, Robert-Ebadi H, Riberdy L, et al.. Diagnostic value of single complete compression ultrasonography in pregnant and postpartum women with suspected deep vein thrombosis: prospective study. BMJ. 2012;344:e2635. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2635 PMID 22531869 Diagnostische Studie.
11. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
12. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, Llau J, Lobo C, Macfarlane AJR, et al.. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2022;39(2):100-132. doi:10.1097/eja.0000000000001600 Leitlinie.
13. Horlocker TT, Vandermeuelen E, Kopp SL, Gogarten W, Leffert LR, Benzon HT. Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine. 2018;43(3):263-309. doi:10.1097/aap.0000000000000763 Leitlinie.
14. Annecke T, Lier H, Girard T, Korte W, Pfanner G, Schlembach D, et al.. Peripartale Blutungen, Diagnostik und Therapie: Update der S2k-Leitlinie AWMF 015/063 vom August 2022. Die Anaesthesiologie. 2022;71(12):952-958. doi:10.1007/s00101-022-01224-6 PMID 36434271 Leitlinie.
15. WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2017;389(10084):2105-2116. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4 PMID 28456509 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
16. Leffert LR, Butwick AJ, Carvalho B, Arendt KW, Bates SM, Friedman A, et al.. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology consensus statement on the anesthetic management of pregnant and postpartum women receiving thromboprophylaxis or higher dose anticoagulants. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2017;126(3):928-944. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000002530 PMID 29099429 Konsensuspapier.
17. Lee LA, Caplan RA, Stephens LS, Posner KL, Terman GW, Voepel-Lewis T, et al.. Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(3):659-665. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000564 PMID 25536092 Registerauswertung.
18. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
19. Frerk C, Mitchell VS, McNarry AF, Mendonca C, Bhagrath R, Patel A, et al.. Difficult Airway Society 2015 guidelines for management of unanticipated difficult intubation in adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2015;115(6):827-848. doi:10.1093/bja/aev371 PMID 26556848 Leitlinie.
20. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: Anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):617-631. doi:10.1093/bja/aer058 PMID 21447488 Registerauswertung.
21. DGGG, OEGGG, SGGG. S2k-Leitlinie Peripartale Blutungen, Diagnostik und Therapie (AWMF-Registernummer 015/063, Version 2.2, August 2022). 2022. Leitlinie.
22. Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, Shakur-Still H, Ageron FX, Roberts I, et al.. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. The Lancet. 2018;391(10116):125-132. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32455-8 PMID 29126600 Metaanalyse.
23. Collins PW, Cannings-John R, Bruynseels D, Mallaiah S, Dick JR, Elton C, et al.. Viscoelastometric-guided early fibrinogen concentrate replacement during postpartum haemorrhage: OBS2, a double-blind randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2017;119(3):411-421. doi:10.1093/bja/aex181 PMID 28969312 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
24. Konstantinides S, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, et al.. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European Heart Journal. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 PMID 31504429 Leitlinie.
25. Meyer G, Vicaut E, Danays T, Agnelli G, Becattini C, Beyer-Westendorf J, et al.. Fibrinolysis for Patients with Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014;370(15):1402-1411. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1302097 PMID 24716681 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
26. Lott C, Truhlář A, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, González-Salvado V, Hinkelbein J, et al.. Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021. Notfall + Rettungsmedizin. 2021;24(4):447-523. doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00891-z PMID 34127910 Leitlinie.
27. Javaudin F, Lascarrou JB, Le Bastard Q, Bourry Q, Latour C, De Carvalho H, et al.. Thrombolysis During Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Caused by Pulmonary Embolism Increases 30-Day Survival. CHEST. 2019;156(6):1167-1175. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2019.07.015 PMID 31381884 Kohortenstudie.
28. Jeejeebhoy FM, Zelop CM, Lipman S, Carvalho B, Joglar JA, Mhyre JM, et al.. Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(18):1747-1773. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000300 PMID 26443610 Konsensuspapier.
29. Beckett VA, Knight M, Sharpe P. The CAPS Study: incidence, management and outcomes of cardiac arrest in pregnancy in the UK: a prospective, descriptive study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2017;124(9):1374-1381. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14521 PMID 28233414 Kohortenstudie.
30. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
31. Fuchs-Buder T, Romero CS, Lewald H, Lamperti M, Afshari A, Hristovska AM, et al.. Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(2):82-94. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001769 PMID 36377554 Leitlinie.
32. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
33. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
34. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
35. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

Naloxon wirkt, Problem gelöst? Clinical Mystery

1. Lee LA, Caplan RA, Stephens LS, Posner KL, Terman GW, Voepel-Lewis T, et al.. Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(3):659-665. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000564 PMID 25536092 Registerauswertung.
2. Rzasa Lynn R, Galinkin JL. Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2017;9(1):63-88. doi:10.1177/2042098617744161 PMID 29318006 Übersichtsarbeit.
3. Watson WA, Steele MT, Muelleman RL, Rush MD. Opioid toxicity recurrence after an initial response to naloxone. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 1998;36(1-2):11-17. doi:10.3109/15563659809162577 PMID 9541035 Fall-Kontroll-Studie.
4. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011;106(5):632-642. doi:10.1093/bja/aer059 PMID 21447489 Registerauswertung.
5. Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: What We Know and How We Act. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2020;13:195-206. doi:10.2147/LRA.S230728 PMID 33177867 Übersichtsarbeit.
6. Clarke SFJ. Naloxone in opioid poisoning: walking the tightrope. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2005;22(9):612-616. doi:10.1136/emj.2003.009613 PMID 16113176 Übersichtsarbeit.
7. Farkas A, Lynch MJ, Westover R, Giles J, Siripong N, Nalatwad A, et al.. Pulmonary complications of opioid overdose treated with naloxone. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2019;75(1):39-48. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.04.006 PMID 31182316 Kohortenstudie.
8. Goldfrank L, Weisman RS, Errick JK, Lo MW. A dosing nomogram for continuous infusion intravenous naloxone. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1986;15(5):566-570. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(86)80994-5 PMID 3963538 Pharmakokinetische Studie.
9. Amaducci A, Aldy K, Campleman SL, Li S, Meyn A, Abston S, et al.. Naloxone use in novel potent opioid and fentanyl overdoses in emergency department patients. JAMA Network Open. 2023;6(8):e2331264. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31264 PMID 37642962 Kohortenstudie.
10. Love JS, Levine M, Aldy K, Brent J, Krotulski AJ, Logan BK, et al.. Opioid overdoses involving xylazine in emergency department patients: a multicenter study. Clinical Toxicology. 2023;61(3):173-180. doi:10.1080/15563650.2022.2159427 PMID 37014353 Kohortenstudie.
11. van Dorp E, Yassen A, Sarton E, Romberg R, Olofsen E, Teppema L, et al.. Naloxone reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(1):51-57. doi:10.1097/00000542-200607000-00012 PMID 16809994 Experimentelle Probandenstudie.
12. Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu P, Arens AM, Babu KM, Cao D, Hoffman RS, et al.. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning. Circulation. 2023;148(16):e149-e184. doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001161 PMID 37721023 Leitlinie.
13. Christenson J, Etherington J, Grafstein E, Innes G, Pennington S, Wanger K, et al.. Early discharge of patients with presumed opioid overdose: development of a clinical prediction rule. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2000;7(10):1110-1118. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01260.x PMID 11015242 Diagnostische Studie (Entwicklung einer Entscheidungsregel).
14. Willman MW, Liss DB, Schwarz ES, Mullins ME. Do heroin overdose patients require observation after receiving naloxone?. Clinical Toxicology. 2016;55(2):81-87. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1253846 PMID 27849133 Systematische Übersicht.
15. Khanna AK, Bergese SD, Jungquist CR, Morimatsu H, Uezono S, Lee S, et al.. Prediction of opioid-induced respiratory depression on inpatient wards using continuous capnography and oximetry: an international prospective, observational trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2020;131(4):1012-1024. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004788 PMID 32925318 Kohortenstudie.
16. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
17. Kew KM, Kirtchuk L, Michell CI. Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014:CD010909. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010909.pub2 PMID 24865567 Metaanalyse.
18. Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(1):62-72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801327 PMID 19571284 Übersichtsarbeit.
19. Martyn JAJ, Richtsfeld M. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in acquired pathologic states: etiologic factors and molecular mechanisms. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(1):158-169. doi:10.1097/00000542-200601000-00022 PMID 16394702 Übersichtsarbeit.
20. Blanié A, Ract C, Leblanc PE, Cheisson G, Huet O, Laplace C, et al.. The limits of succinylcholine for critically ill patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2012;115(4):873-879. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31825f829d PMID 22763904 Beobachtungsstudie.
21. Jones RK, Caldwell JE, Brull SJ, Soto RG. Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Blockade with Sugammadex. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(5):816-824. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31818a3fee PMID 18946293 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
22. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
23. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
24. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
25. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
26. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.
27. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.

Troponin 8396 Clinical Mystery

1. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al.. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). European Heart Journal. 2018;40(3):237-269. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462 PMID 30165617 Konsensuspapier.
2. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al.. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2023;44(38):3720-3826. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 PMID 37622654 Leitlinie.
3. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al.. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(22):2032-2046. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076 PMID 29850871 Konsensuspapier.
4. Righini M, van Es J, den Exter PL, Roy PM, Verschuren F, Ghuysen A, et al.. Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Cutoff Levels to Rule Out Pulmonary Embolism. JAMA. 2014;311(11):1117. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2135 PMID 24643601 Diagnostische Studie.
5. du Fay de Lavallaz J, Prepoudis A, Wendebourg MJ, Kesenheimer E, Kyburz D, Daikeler T, et al.. Skeletal muscle disorders: a noncardiac source of cardiac troponin T. Circulation. 2022;145(24):1764-1779. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.058489 PMID 35389756 Kohortenstudie.
6. Lam L, Aspin L, Heron RC, Ha L, Kyle C. Discrepancy between cardiac troponin assays due to endogenous antibodies. Clinical Chemistry. 2020;66(3):445-454. doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvz032 PMID 32031592 Diagnostische Studie.
7. Salaün E, Drory SB, Côté MA, Tremblay V, Bédard E, Steinberg C, et al.. Role of antitroponin antibodies and macrotroponin in the clinical interpretation of cardiac troponin. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2024;13(12):e035128. doi:10.1161/jaha.123.035128 PMID 38879450 Übersichtsarbeit.
8. Warner JV, Marshall GA. High incidence of macrotroponin I with a high-sensitivity troponin I assay. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 2016;54(11):1821-1829. doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-1276 PMID 27092651 Diagnostische Studie.
9. Lippi G, Aloe R, Meschi T, Borghi L, Cervellin G. Interference from heterophilic antibodies in troponin testing: case report and systematic review of the literature. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2013;426:79-84. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.004 PMID 24041812 Fallbericht mit systematischer Übersicht.
10. Lam L, Kyle C. Practical approaches to the detection of macrotroponin. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2023;61(2):122-132. doi:10.1177/00045632231197301 PMID 37578158 Diagnostische Studie.
11. Kietaibl S, Ferrandis R, Godier A, Llau J, Lobo C, Macfarlane AJR, et al.. Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2022;39(2):100-132. doi:10.1097/eja.0000000000001600 Leitlinie.
12. Halvorsen S, Mehilli J, Cassese S, Hall TS, Abdelhamid M, Barbato E, et al.. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. European Heart Journal. 2022;43(39):3826-3924. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270 PMID 36017553 Leitlinie.
13. Kietaibl S, Ahmed A, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, et al.. Management of severe peri-operative bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2023;40(4):226-304. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001803 PMID 36855941 Leitlinie.
14. Devereaux PJ, Biccard B, Sigamani A, Xavier D, Chan MTV, Srinathan S, et al.. Association of postoperative high-sensitivity troponin levels with myocardial injury and 30-day mortality among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA. 2017;317(16):1642. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.4360 PMID 28444280 Kohortenstudie.
15. Botto F, Alonso-Coello P, Chan MTV, Villar JC, Xavier D, Srinathan S, et al.. Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2014;120(3):564-578. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000113 PMID 24534856 Kohortenstudie.
16. Kew KM, Kirtchuk L, Michell CI. Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014:CD010909. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010909.pub2 PMID 24865567 Metaanalyse.
17. Konstantinides S, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, et al.. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European Heart Journal. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 PMID 31504429 Leitlinie.
18. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
19. Lott C, Karageorgos V, Abelairas-Gómez C, Alfonzo A, Bierens JJLM, Cantellow S, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110753. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110753 PMID 41117569 Leitlinie.
20. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
21. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

Der Betablocker muss den Blutdruck senken Clinical Mystery

1. Lenders JWM, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SKG, Murad MH, et al.. Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(6):1915-1942. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1498 PMID 24893135 Leitlinie.
2. Lenders JWM, Kerstens MN, Amar L, Prejbisz A, Robledo M, Taieb D, et al.. Genetics, diagnosis, management and future directions of research of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. Journal of Hypertension. 2020;38(8):1443-1456. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002438 PMID 32412940 Konsensuspapier.
3. Sibal L, Jovanovic A, Agarwal SC, Peaston RT, James RA, Lennard TWJ, et al.. Phaeochromocytomas presenting as acute crises after beta blockade therapy. Clinical Endocrinology. 2006;65(2):186-190. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02571.x PMID 16886958 Fallserie.
4. Eisenhofer G, Rivers G, Rosas AL, Quezado Z, Manger WM, Pacak K. Adverse drug reactions in patients with phaeochromocytoma. Drug Safety. 2007;30(11):1031-1062. doi:10.2165/00002018-200730110-00004 PMID 17973541 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Giavarini A, Chédid A, Bobrie G, Plouin PF, Hagège A, Amar L. Acute catecholamine cardiomyopathy in patients with phaeochromocytoma or functional paraganglioma. Heart. 2013;99(19):1438-1444. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304073 PMID 23837998 Kohortenstudie.
6. Ando Y, Ono Y, Sano A, Fujita N, Ono S, Tanaka Y. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pheochromocytoma crisis: a literature review of 200 cases. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2022;45(12):2313-2328. doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01868-6 PMID 35857218 Systematische Übersicht (Fallsammlung).
7. Meijs AC, Snel M, Corssmit EPM. Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma crisis: case series from a tertiary referral center for pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Hormones. 2021;20(2):395-403. doi:10.1007/s42000-021-00274-6 PMID 33575936 Fallserie.
8. Riester A, Weismann D, Quinkler M, Lichtenauer UD, Sommerey S, et al.. Life-threatening events in patients with pheochromocytoma. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2015;173(6):757-764. doi:10.1530/eje-15-0483 PMID 26346138 Kohortenstudie.
9. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Chaitman BR, Bax JJ, Morrow DA, et al.. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). European Heart Journal. 2018;40(3):237-269. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy462 PMID 30165617 Konsensuspapier.
10. Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, Barbato E, Berry C, Chieffo A, et al.. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. 2023;44(38):3720-3826. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191 PMID 37622654 Leitlinie.
11. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Dote K, Akashi YJ, et al.. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (part I): clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(22):2032-2046. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy076 PMID 29850871 Konsensuspapier.
12. Mazzolai L, Teixidó-Turà G, Lanzi S, Boc V, Bossone E, Brodmann M, et al.. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of peripheral arterial and aortic diseases. European Heart Journal. 2024;45(36):3538-3700. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae179 PMID 39210722 Leitlinie.
13. Hansen MS, Nogareda GJ, Hutchison SJ. Frequency of and Inappropriate Treatment of Misdiagnosis of Acute Aortic Dissection. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2007;99(6):852-856. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.10.055 PMID 17350381 Kohortenstudie.
14. Lenders JWM, Pacak K, Walther MM, Linehan WM, Mannelli M, Friberg P, et al.. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. JAMA. 2002;287(11):1427-1434. doi:10.1001/jama.287.11.1427 PMID 11903030 Diagnostische Studie.
15. Barrett C, van Uum SHM, Lenders JWM. Risk of catecholaminergic crisis following glucocorticoid administration in patients with an adrenal mass: a literature review. Clinical Endocrinology. 2015;83(5):622-628. doi:10.1111/cen.12813 PMID 25940577 Systematische Übersicht (Fallberichte).
16. Baid SK, Lai EW, Wesley RA, Ling A, Timmers HJLM, Adams KT, et al.. Brief communication: radiographic contrast infusion and catecholamine release in patients with pheochromocytoma. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2009;150(1):27-32. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00006 PMID 19124817 Prospektive Studie.
17. Whitelaw BC, Prague JK, Mustafa OG, Schulte KM, Hopkins PA, Gilbert JA, et al.. Phaeochromocytoma crisis. Clinical Endocrinology. 2014;80(1):13-22. doi:10.1111/cen.12324 PMID 24102156 Übersichtsarbeit.
18. Fagundes GFC, Almeida MQ. Perioperative Management of Pheochromocytomas and Sympathetic Paragangliomas. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 2022;6(2):bvac004. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac004 PMID 35128297 Übersichtsarbeit.
19. James MFM, Cronjé L. Pheochromocytoma Crisis: The Use of Magnesium Sulfate. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2004;99(3):680-686. doi:10.1213/01.ANE.0000133136.01381.52 PMID 15333393 Fallserie.
20. Scholten A, Cisco RM, Vriens MR, Cohen JK, Mitmaker EJ, Liu C, et al.. Pheochromocytoma crisis is not a surgical emergency. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;98(2):581-591. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3020 PMID 23284003 Kohortenstudie mit Literaturübersicht.
21. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
22. Piepho T, Kriege M, Byhahn C, Cavus E, Dörges V, Ilper H, et al.. S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement 2023 (AWMF-Registernummer 001-028). 2023. Leitlinie.
23. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
24. Xu M, Guan Q, Liu T, Huang Y, Pan C, Luo L, et al.. In-hospital adverse events of pheochromocytoma-induced takotsubo syndrome: a literature review and cluster analysis of 172 cases. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2024;25(6):216. doi:10.31083/j.rcm2506216 PMID 39076320 Systematische Übersicht (Fallsammlung).
25. Giraud R, Glauser A, Looyens C, Della Badia C, Jolou J, Çikirikcioğlu M, et al.. Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis requiring temporary mechanical circulatory support: a narrative review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(6):1907. doi:10.3390/jcm14061907 PMID 40142715 Übersichtsarbeit.
26. Buitenwerf E, Osinga TE, Timmers HJLM, Lenders JWM, Feelders RA, Eekhoff EMW, et al.. Efficacy of α-Blockers on Hemodynamic Control during Pheochromocytoma Resection: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020;105(7):2381-2391. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz188 PMID 31714582 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
27. Groeben H, Nottebaum BJ, Alesina PF, Traut A, Neumann HP, Walz MK. Perioperative α-receptor blockade in phaeochromocytoma surgery: an observational case series. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2017;118(2):182-189. doi:10.1093/bja/aew392 PMID 28100521 Beobachtungsstudie.
28. Groeben H, Walz MK, Nottebaum BJ, Alesina PF, Greenwald A, Schumann R, et al.. International multicentre review of perioperative management and outcome for catecholamine-producing tumours. British Journal of Surgery. 2020;107(2):e170-e178. doi:10.1002/bjs.11378 PMID 31903598 Kohortenstudie.
29. Stiegler MP, Neelankavil JP, Canales C, Dhillon A. Cognitive errors detected in anaesthesiology: a literature review and pilot study. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2012;108(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/bja/aer387 PMID 22157846 Beobachtungsstudie.
30. Lord MS, Augoustides JGT. Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma: focus on magnesium, clevidipine, and vasopressin. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2012;26(3):526-531. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2012.01.002 PMID 22361482 Übersichtsarbeit.
31. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
32. Fioratou E, Flin R, Glavin R. No simple fix for fixation errors: cognitive processes and their clinical applications. Anaesthesia. 2010;65(1):61-69. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05994.x PMID 20121773 Übersichtsarbeit.

Breit und heiß Clinical Mystery

1. Bruccoleri RE, Burns MM. A Literature Review of the Use of Sodium Bicarbonate for the Treatment of QRS Widening. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2016;12(1):121-129. doi:10.1007/s13181-015-0483-y PMID 26159649 Übersichtsarbeit.
2. Makki K, Mandil D, Hopson R, Kashin M, Rothenberg R, Reisman N, Farmer B. Lidocaine for Sodium Channel Toxicity in Diphenhydramine Overdose: Case Report. Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine. 2025;9(2):223-227. doi:10.5811/cpcem.41491 PMID 40402071 Fallbericht.
3. Dart RC, Mullins ME, Matoushek T, Ruha AM, Burns MM, Simone K, et al.. Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada: A Consensus Statement. JAMA Network Open. 2023;6(8):e2327739. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.27739 PMID 37552484 Konsensuspapier.
4. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The Serotonin Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;352(11):1112-1120. doi:10.1056/NEJMra041867 PMID 15784664 Übersichtsarbeit.
5. Dunkley EJC, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, Dawson A, Whyte IM. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJM. 2003;96(9):635-642. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcg109 PMID 12925718 Diagnostische Studie.
6. Rzasa Lynn R, Galinkin JL. Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2017;9(1):63-88. doi:10.1177/2042098617744161 PMID 29318006 Übersichtsarbeit.
7. Boehnert MT, Lovejoy FH Jr. Value of the QRS duration versus the serum drug level in predicting seizures and ventricular arrhythmias after an acute overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;313(8):474-479. doi:10.1056/NEJM198508223130804 PMID 4022081 Kohortenstudie.
8. Liebelt EL, Francis PD, Woolf AD. ECG lead aVR versus QRS interval in predicting seizures and arrhythmias in acute tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995;26(2):195-201. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70151-6 PMID 7618783 Kohortenstudie.
9. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
10. Gosselin S, Hoegberg LCG, Hoffman RS, Graudins A, Stork CM, Thomas SHL, et al.. Evidence-based recommendations on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in poisoning. Clinical Toxicology. 2016;54(10):899-923. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1214275 PMID 27608281 Konsensuspapier.
11. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, et al.. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Currents. 2016;16(1):48-61. doi:10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48 Leitlinie.
12. Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Pharmacological management of anticholinergic delirium–theory, evidence and practice. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2016;81(3):516-524. doi:10.1111/bcp.12839 PMID 26589572 Übersichtsarbeit.
13. Lin S, Douma M, Aves T, Allan K, Bendall J, Berry D, Chang WT, Hood NA, Singletary EM, Zideman D, Epstein J. First Aid Cooling Techniques for Heat Stroke and Exertional Hyperthermia: Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) First Aid Task Force, online. 2019. Konsensuspapier.
14. Douma MJ, Aves T, Allan KS, Bendall J, Berry DC, Chang WT, et al.. First aid cooling techniques for heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2020;148:173-190. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.01.007 PMID 31981710 Metaanalyse.
15. Zhang Y, Davis JK, Casa DJ, Bishop PA. Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2015;47(11):2464-2472. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000693 PMID 25910052 Metaanalyse.
16. Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(1):62-72. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0801327 PMID 19571284 Übersichtsarbeit.
17. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence (NG225). 2022. Leitlinie.
18. Grasselli G, Calfee CS, Camporota L, Poole D, Amato MBP, Antonelli M, et al.. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Medicine. 2023;49(7):727-759. doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7 Leitlinie.

Die zweite Konserve Clinical Mystery

1. Viggiano M, Sokach C, Yeung HM. Recognition of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury in a Patient With End-Stage Liver Disease and Sepsis. Case Reports in Critical Care. 2025. doi:10.1155/crcc/7448355 Fallbericht.
2. Kaplan DE, Bosch J, Ripoll C, Thiele M, Fortune BE, Simonetto DA, et al.. AASLD Practice Guidance on risk stratification and management of portal hypertension and varices in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2024;79(5):1180-1211. doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000647 PMID 37870298 Leitlinie.
3. Benson AB, Austin GL, Berg M, et al.. Transfusion-related acute lung injury in ICU patients admitted with gastrointestinal bleeding. Intensive Care Medicine. 2010;36:1710-1717. doi:10.1007/s00134-010-1954-x PMID 20658125 Kohortenstudie.
4. Toy P, Gajic O, Bacchetti P, Looney MR, Gropper MA, Hubmayr R, et al.. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: incidence and risk factors. Blood. 2012;119(7):1757-1767. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-370932 PMID 22117051 Fall-Kontroll-Studie mit prospektiver Surveillance.
5. Semple JW, Rebetz J, Kapur R. Transfusion-associated circulatory overload and transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood. 2019;133(17):1840-1853. doi:10.1182/blood-2018-10-860809 Übersichtsarbeit.
6. Vlaar APJ, Toy P, Fung M, Looney MR, Juffermans NP, Bux J, et al.. A consensus redefinition of transfusion-related acute lung injury. Transfusion. 2019;59(7):2465-2476. doi:10.1111/trf.15311 PMID 30993745 Konsensuspapier.
7. Wiersum-Osselton JC, Whitaker B, Grey S, Land K, Perez G, Rajbhandary S, et al.. Revised international surveillance case definition of transfusion-associated circulatory overload: a classification agreement validation study. Lancet Haematology. 2019;6(7):e350-e358. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30080-8 PMID 31080132 Validierungsstudie.
8. International Society of Blood Transfusion Working Party on Haemovigilance, International Haemovigilance Network, AABB (Revisionsgruppe: Andrzejewski C, Bolton-Maggs P, Grey S, et al.; Wiersum-Osselton J, Leitung). Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO). Definition (2018). 2018. Konsensuspapier (Surveillance-Definition).
9. Grasselli G, Calfee CS, Camporota L, Poole D, Amato MBP, Antonelli M, et al.. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Medicine. 2023;49(7):727-759. doi:10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7 Leitlinie.
10. Roca O, Caralt B, Messika J, Samper M, Sztrymf B, Hernández G, et al.. An Index Combining Respiratory Rate and Oxygenation to Predict Outcome of Nasal High-Flow Therapy. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2019;199(11):1368-1376. doi:10.1164/rccm.201803-0589OC PMID 30576221 Kohortenstudie.
11. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
12. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
13. Rzasa Lynn R, Galinkin JL. Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2017;9(1):63-88. doi:10.1177/2042098617744161 PMID 29318006 Übersichtsarbeit.

Nach dem Auffüllen Clinical Mystery

1. Rzasa Lynn R, Galinkin JL. Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 2017;9(1):63-88. doi:10.1177/2042098617744161 PMID 29318006 Übersichtsarbeit.
2. Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia: What We Know and How We Act. Local and Regional Anesthesia. 2020;13:195-206. doi:10.2147/LRA.S230728 PMID 33177867 Übersichtsarbeit.
3. Clarke SFJ. Naloxone in opioid poisoning: walking the tightrope. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2005;22(9):612-616. doi:10.1136/emj.2003.009613 PMID 16113176 Übersichtsarbeit.
4. Farkas A, Lynch MJ, Westover R, Giles J, Siripong N, Nalatwad A, et al.. Pulmonary complications of opioid overdose treated with naloxone. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2019;75(1):39-48. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.04.006 PMID 31182316 Kohortenstudie.
5. Lee LA, Caplan RA, Stephens LS, Posner KL, Terman GW, Voepel-Lewis T, et al.. Postoperative opioid-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2015;122(3):659-665. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000564 PMID 25536092 Registerauswertung.
6. Watson WA, Steele MT, Muelleman RL, Rush MD. Opioid toxicity recurrence after an initial response to naloxone. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 1998;36(1-2):11-17. doi:10.3109/15563659809162577 PMID 9541035 Fall-Kontroll-Studie.
7. Goldfrank L, Weisman RS, Errick JK, Lo MW. A dosing nomogram for continuous infusion intravenous naloxone. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1986;15(5):566-570. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(86)80994-5 PMID 3963538 Pharmakokinetische Studie.
8. Willman MW, Liss DB, Schwarz ES, Mullins ME. Do heroin overdose patients require observation after receiving naloxone?. Clinical Toxicology. 2016;55(2):81-87. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1253846 PMID 27849133 Systematische Übersicht.
9. Khanna AK, Bergese SD, Jungquist CR, Morimatsu H, Uezono S, Lee S, et al.. Prediction of opioid-induced respiratory depression on inpatient wards using continuous capnography and oximetry: an international prospective, observational trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2020;131(4):1012-1024. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004788 PMID 32925318 Kohortenstudie.
10. Deer TR, Prager J, Levy R, Rathmell J, Buchser E, Burton A, et al.. Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference 2012: consensus on diagnosis, detection, and treatment of catheter-tip granulomas (inflammatory masses). Neuromodulation. 2012;15(5):483-496. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00449.x Konsensuspapier.
11. Fletcher G, Flin R, McGeorge P, Glavin R, Maran N, Patey R. Anaesthetists' Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003;90(5):580-588. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg112 PMID 12697584 Grundlagenarbeit.
12. Haering M, Saleh C, Jaszczuk P, Koehler M, Hund-Georgiadis M. Intrathecal pump catheter-tip granuloma recurrence with associated myelomalacia: How safe is intrathecal analgesic infusion therapy? A case report. Surgical Neurology International. 2019;10:62. doi:10.25259/SNI-33-2019 PMID 31528400 Fallbericht.
13. Deer TR, Hayek SM, Grider JS, Hagedorn JM, McDowell GC 2nd, Kim P, et al.. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC): Intrathecal Drug Delivery Guidance on Safety and Therapy Optimization When Treating Chronic Noncancer Pain. Neuromodulation. 2024;27(7):1107-1139. doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2024.03.003 Leitlinie.
14. Feldheim TV, Hayek SM. Recurrent intrathecal catheter-tip granuloma formation on a replaced system delivering low dose/concentration fentanyl and bupivacaine: a case report. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2025;50(6):519-522. doi:10.1136/rapm-2024-105597 Fallbericht.

Er zieht die Maske ab Clinical Mystery

1. Gilbey D, Bruera E, Bramati PS. Not everything is delirium at the end of life: a case report. Annals of Palliative Medicine. 2025;14(5):503-507. doi:10.21037/apm-25-37 PMID 40931622 Fallbericht.
2. Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Services Research. 2007;42(2):727-754. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00629.x PMID 17362215 Systematische Übersicht.
3. Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, et al.. Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. European Respiratory Journal. 2017;50(2):1602426. doi:10.1183/13993003.02426-2016 Leitlinie.
4. Nava S, Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Scala R, Groff P, Cosentini R, et al.. Palliative use of non-invasive ventilation in end-of-life patients with solid tumours: a randomised feasibility trial. Lancet Oncology. 2013;14(3):219-227. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70009-3 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
5. Demoule A, Brochard L, Dres M, Heunks L, Jubran A, Laghi F, et al.. How to ventilate obstructive and asthmatic patients. Intensive Care Medicine. 2020;46(12):2436-2449. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06291-0 PMID 33169215 Übersichtsarbeit.
6. Michels G, John S, Janssens U, Raake P, Schütt KA, Bauersachs J, et al.. Palliativmedizinische Aspekte in der klinischen Akut- und Notfallmedizin sowie Intensivmedizin. Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin. 2023;118(1):14-38. doi:10.1007/s00063-023-01016-9 Konsensuspapier.
7. Bausewein C, Simon ST, Pralong A, Radbruch L, Nauck F, Voltz R. Palliative care of adult patients with cancer. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2015;112(50):863-870. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2015.0863 PMID 26763381 Leitlinie (Zusammenfassung der S3-Leitlinie).
8. Agar MR, Lawlor PG, Quinn S, Draper B, Caplan GA, Rowett D, et al.. Efficacy of Oral Risperidone, Haloperidol, or Placebo for Symptoms of Delirium Among Patients in Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2017;177(1):34-42. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7491 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
9. Hashimoto T, Putman RK, Massaro AF, Shiozawa Y, McGough K, McCabe KK, et al.. Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial: Integrating the 'Time-limited Trial' in the emergency department. PLoS One. 2024;19(12):e0313858. Studienprotokoll.
10. Ouchi K, Aaronson EL, Engel KG, Wang D, Grudzen CR. Emergency Palliative Care: Nongoal Concordant Care and Time-Limited Trials in the Emergency Department. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2024;27(6):823-826. doi:10.1089/jpm.2023.0371 PMID 38935487 Fallbericht.
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Der Platzwart Clinical Mystery

1. Nemanich A, Keenan M. ACMT Clinicopathological Conference: The Intoxicated, Poisoned Groundskeeper. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2024;20(2):226-232. doi:10.1007/s13181-024-00994-2 PMID 38376790 Klinisch-pathologische Konferenz.
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4. Roberts DM, Seneviratne R, Mohammed F, Patel R, Senarathna L, Hittarage A, Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Eddleston M. Intentional self-poisoning with the chlorophenoxy herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2005;46(3):275-284. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.03.016 Prospektive Fallserie.
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7. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al.. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Medicine. 2021;47(11):1181-1247. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y PMID 34599691 Leitlinie.
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10. Bouchama A, Abuyassin B, Lehé C, Laitano O, Jay O, O'Connor FG. Classic and exertional heatstroke. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2022;8(1):8. doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00334-6 PMID 35115565 Übersichtsarbeit.
11. Douma MJ, Aves T, Allan KS, Bendall J, Berry DC, Chang WT, et al.. First aid cooling techniques for heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2020;148:173-190. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.01.007 PMID 31981710 Metaanalyse.
12. Zhang Y, Davis JK, Casa DJ, Bishop PA. Optimizing Cold Water Immersion for Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2015;47(11):2464-2472. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000693 PMID 25910052 Metaanalyse.
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15. Gosselin S, Hoegberg LCG, Hoffman RS, Graudins A, Stork CM, Thomas SHL, et al.. Evidence-based recommendations on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in poisoning. Clinical Toxicology. 2016;54(10):899-923. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1214275 PMID 27608281 Konsensuspapier.
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17. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, et al.. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Currents. 2016;16(1):48-61. doi:10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48 Leitlinie.
18. Agar MR, Lawlor PG, Quinn S, Draper B, Caplan GA, Rowett D, et al.. Efficacy of Oral Risperidone, Haloperidol, or Placebo for Symptoms of Delirium Among Patients in Palliative Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2017;177(1):34-42. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7491 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
19. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
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Der volle Magen Clinical Mystery

1. Kalam S, Marquez S, Samones EJ, Phan T, Dinh VA. A Case Report of Obstructive Shock from an Esophageal Bolus Leading to Left Atrial Compression. Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine. 2025;9(1):49-52. doi:10.5811/cpcem.21220 PMID 39903635 Fallbericht.
2. Borizanova A, Kinova E, Beyti S, Angelov T, Getsov P, Goudev A. Extrinsic Left Atrial Compression: An Echocardiography-Guided Diagnosis Illustrated by Two Clinical Cases and a Structured Review of Published Cases. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2026;15(7):2611. doi:10.3390/jcm15072611 Strukturierte Übersicht publizierter Fälle.
3. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C, et al.. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Medicine. 2021;47(11):1181-1247. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y PMID 34599691 Leitlinie.
4. Fields JM, Davis J, Girson L, Au A, Potts J, Morgan CJ, et al.. Transthoracic Echocardiography for Diagnosing Pulmonary Embolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2017;30(7):714-723.e4. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2017.03.004 PMID 28495379 Metaanalyse.
5. McConnell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, Come PC, Goldhaber SZ, Lee R. Regional Right Ventricular Dysfunction Detected by Echocardiography in Acute Pulmonary Embolism. The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996;78(4):469-473. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00339-6 PMID 8752195 Diagnostische Studie.
6. Konstantinides S, Meyer G, Becattini C, Bueno H, Geersing GJ, Harjola VP, et al.. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European Heart Journal. 2020;41(4):543-603. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz405 PMID 31504429 Leitlinie.
7. Van de Putte P, Perlas A. Ultrasound assessment of gastric content and volume. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2014;113(1):12-22. doi:10.1093/bja/aeu151 PMID 24893784 Systematische Übersicht.
8. Higgs A, McGrath B, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al.. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018;120(2):323-352. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021 PMID 29406182 Leitlinie.
9. Casey JD, Seitz KP, Driver BE, Gibbs KW, Ginde AA, Trent SA, et al.. Ketamine or Etomidate for Tracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;394(16):1608-1620. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511420 PMID 41369227 Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie.
10. Ouchi K, Aaronson EL, Engel KG, Wang D, Grudzen CR. Emergency Palliative Care: Nongoal Concordant Care and Time-Limited Trials in the Emergency Department. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2024;27(6):823-826. doi:10.1089/jpm.2023.0371 PMID 38935487 Fallbericht.
11. Hashimoto T, Putman RK, Massaro AF, Shiozawa Y, McGough K, McCabe KK, et al.. Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial: Integrating the 'Time-limited Trial' in the emergency department. PLoS One. 2024;19(12):e0313858. Studienprotokoll.
12. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, Carmona F, Cimpoesu D, Cole G, et al.. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215:110769. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 PMID 41117572 Leitlinie.
13. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, Alldredge B, Arya R, Bainbridge J, et al.. Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children and Adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Currents. 2016;16(1):48-61. doi:10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.48 Leitlinie.

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